apush 7.11-7.12

Washington Conference (1921) – A diplomatic meeting where major naval powers agreed to limit battleships and respect territorial integrity in the Pacific, aiming to prevent an arms race.  

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – An international treaty signed by 62 nations that attempted to outlaw war as a means of resolving disputes, though it lacked enforcement mechanisms.  

Dawes Plan (1924) – A U.S.-led plan to restructure Germany’s reparations payments after WWI, stabilizing the German economy and easing European tensions.  

Good Neighbor Policy – FDR’s policy aimed at improving U.S.-Latin American relations by renouncing military intervention and emphasizing economic cooperation.  

Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (1931) – Japan invaded Manchuria, violating the League of Nations' principles, marking an early act of aggression that foreshadowed WWII.  

Axis Powers – The military alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII, opposing the Allied Powers.  

Allied Powers – The coalition of the U.S., Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other nations that fought against the Axis Powers.  

Benito Mussolini – The fascist dictator of Italy who established a totalitarian regime and allied with Hitler during WWII.  

Fascism – A political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, nationalism, suppression of opposition, and military expansion, as seen in Italy and Germany.  

Nazi Party – A far-right German political party led by Adolf Hitler that promoted totalitarian rule, anti-Semitism, and territorial expansion, leading to WWII.  

Adolf Hitler – The leader of Nazi Germany, responsible for initiating WWII and orchestrating the Holocaust.  

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) – A conflict between the fascist forces of Francisco Franco (backed by Hitler and Mussolini) and the Republican government, serving as a precursor to WWII.  

Munich Agreement (1938) – A settlement where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland in an act of appeasement.  

Appeasement – A policy of conceding to aggressive demands (such as Hitler’s) to avoid war, ultimately failing to prevent WWII.  

Invasion of Poland (1939) – Germany’s attack on Poland that prompted Britain and France to declare war, marking the official start of WWII.  

Neutrality Acts – A series of laws passed in the 1930s to prevent U.S. involvement in foreign conflicts by restricting arms sales and loans to warring nations.  

Isolationism – A foreign policy stance aiming to keep the U.S. out of international conflicts, widely supported before WWII.  

“Cash and Carry” (1939) – A policy allowing nations at war to purchase U.S. arms if they paid in cash and transported them on their own ships, favoring Britain and France.  

Destroyers for Bases Deal (1940) – An agreement where the U.S. gave Britain old naval destroyers in exchange for military base access in the Western Hemisphere.  

Lend-Lease Act (1941) – A law allowing the U.S. to supply arms and aid to Allied nations fighting the Axis Powers, marking a major step away from neutrality.  

Atlantic Charter (1941) – A joint statement by FDR and Winston Churchill outlining post-war goals, including self-determination and free trade.  

Pearl Harbor (1941) – The surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii, leading to America’s entry into WWII.  

War Production Board (WPB) – A government agency that coordinated the production of war materials and industrial output during WWII.  

Office of Price Administration (OPA) – A government agency that controlled prices, rationed goods, and prevented inflation during WWII.  

Manhattan Project – A top-secret U.S. research project that developed the atomic bomb, leading to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  

Office of War Information (OWI) – A government agency that promoted war propaganda, encouraged public support for the war, and controlled media messaging.  

“Double V” Campaign – A movement by African Americans advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.  

Smith v. Allwright (1944) – A Supreme Court case that ruled racial restrictions in primary elections unconstitutional, a key civil rights victory.  

Braceros Program (1942-1964) – A U.S.-Mexico agreement allowing Mexican laborers to work in American agriculture to meet wartime labor shortages.  

Executive Order 9066 (1942) – FDR’s order that authorized the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.  

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) – A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment during WWII, later criticized as a civil rights violation.