Lesson 6 The digestive system

Chp 9

Major structures and functions

Gastrointestinal tract ,which is also known as the gi tract ( stomach, intestine) these organs work in cooperation with accessory organs

Upper GI tract consist of the mouth,pharynx( throat),esophagus,and stomach.

Lower GI tract which is sometimes referred to as the bowels,is made up of the small and large intestine plus the rectum and anus.

The accessory organs of the digestive system are the liver,gallbladder,pancreas.

The oral cavity,also known as the mouth,are the lips,hard and soft palates,salivary glands,toungue,teeth,and periodontium.

The lips,which are also known as the labia,surround the opening to the oral cavity.

The palate which forms the roof of the mouth,consist of three major parts(hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate,soft palate flexible posterior portion,uvula is the thirt part,and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate)

The pharynx, which is common passageway for other respiration and digestion

The esophagus is the muscular tube through which Ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

The stomach is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus(upper,rounded part) ,body (main portion),and antrum (lower part)

The small and large intestine

The accessory organs of digestive system are the liver, gallbladder,and pancreas

Digestion

Metabolism includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients.

Anabolism building up of body cells or substance from nutrients. -the opposite of catabolism

Catabolism breaking down of body cells or substances,releasing energy and carbon dioxide

Absorption is the process by which completely digestive nutrients are transported to cells throughout the body

An/o= anus

Chol/e=bile,gall

Cholecyst/o= gall bladder

Cirrh/o=yellowish
Col/o;colon/o=colon,large intestine

Duoden/o= duodenum

Enter/o=small intestine

Esophag/o=esophagus

Gastr/o=stomach

Gingiv/o=gums

Hepat/o=liver

ILE/o=ILeum

Lapar/o=abdomen

Lingu/o=toungue

Lith/o=stone,calculus

Or/o=mouth

Odont/o=teeth

Pancreat/o=pancreas

Pept/o=digestion

Pharyng/o=pharynx

Proct/o=rectum and anus

Rect/o=rectum

Sigmoid/o=sigmoid colon

Stomat/o= mouth

Prefixes

Anti- =against

Dys-= difficult, painful

Hyper-= increased

Mal- = bad,poor

Sub- =below

Suffix

-al = pertaining to

-cele=hernia

-eal=pertaining to

-ectomy=surgical removal

-emesis = vomiting

-graphy= process or recording

-ic= pertaining to

-itis= inflammation

-lithiasis= presence of stones

-megaly=abnormal enlargement

-ologist=specialist

-osis= abnormal condition

-paresis=partial paralysis

-pepsia=digestion

-phagia=eating , swallowing

-plasty=surgical repair

-rrhea =flow, discharge

-scopy=visual, examination

-stomy= surgical creation of new opening

Other terms

Anastomosis= surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

Ascending= upward

Bariatrics= the field of medicine dealing with the treatment of obesity

Bowel=intestine

Deglutition=swallowing

Dentition=condition of the teeth

Descending=downward

Emesis=the act of vomiting

Eructation=belching or burping

Fissure= crack-like sore of the skin

Flare-ups=interval of intensification of active disease

Hernia=the protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues that normally contain it

Ligation=the tying off of blood vessels

Mastication=chewing

Morbid obesity=a condition in which excess body fat adversely affects the person's health

Occult blood = blood that is not visible and can be detected only by lab testing

Parenteral =outside of or bypassing the digestive system

Prolapse= the slipping or dropping of an organ or body part from its normal position

Reflux= stomach contents flowing backward into the esophagus

Sphincter=a ring of muscles that function to close a body opening

Stricture=abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage

Transverse=across

Ulcer=open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane

Varices=enlarged and swollen veins

BM =bowel movement

BMI= body mass index

C.diff=clostridium difficult

E.coli=escherichia coli

EGD =Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

GERD =gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI=gastrointestinal

IBD=Inflammatory bowel disease

IBS=irritable bowel syndrome

PUD=peptic ulcer disease

TPN=total parenteral nutrition

UC=ulcerative colitis

Key terms

Anastomosis=surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

Antiemetic=medication administered to relieve or prevent nausea and vomiting

Cholangiography= radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

Cholecystitis= inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

Cholelithiasis=presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

Cirrhosis= chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
Colostomy=surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

Crohns disease=. Chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract but is most commonly found in the ILeum and colon

Diverticula =sacs formed in weak spots of the colon wall
Diverticulitis=the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon

Diverticulosis= the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula

Enteritis=inflammation of the small intestine

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)=the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

Hepatitis=inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection

Ulcerative colitis= a chronic condition of repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum a large intestine cause ulcers and irritation