Anaphy

Organization of the Human Body

  • Anatomy: study of body structures.

  • Physiology: study of functions.

  • 6 levels: Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

  • 6 Characteristics of Life: Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction.

  • Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal environment.

  • Negative Feedback: maintains homeostasis.

  • Positive Feedback: deviation from set point increases.

  • Anatomical Position: Erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward.

Body Regions and Planes

  • Central Region: Head, Neck, Trunk.

  • Abdomen: divided into quadrants.

  • Planes: Sagittal, Median, Transverse, Frontal.

  • Longitudinal Section: cut along organ's length.

  • Transverse Section: cut at right angle to organ's length.

  • Oblique Section: cut at an angle to organ's length.

  • Body Cavities: contain organs (Nasal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic).

  • Serous Membranes: line trunk cavities and cover organs (Parietal, Visceral).

Chemical Basis of Life

  • Chemistry: study of substances and their reactions.

  • Matter: occupies space and has mass.

  • Element: simplest matter with unique properties.

  • Atoms: smallest element particle.

  • Subatomic Particles: neutrons, protons, electrons.

  • Mass Number: protons + neutrons.

  • Isotopes: same element, different neutrons.

  • Atomic Mass: average isotope mass.

  • Chemical Bonds: sharing/transferring electrons.

  • Octet Rule: atoms achieve 8 valence electrons.

  • Ions: charged particles (cations +, anions -).

  • Ionic Bond: electron transfer.

  • Covalent Bond: electron sharing.

  • Molecule: atoms combined.

  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: equal sharing.

  • Polar Covalent Bonds: unequal sharing.

  • Compound: different atom types combined.

  • Intermolecular Forces: attractions between charged molecules.

  • Hydrogen Bonds: H to negative O, N, or F.

  • Solubility: substance dissolving in another.

  • Electrolytes: conduct current.

  • Chemical Reaction: forming/breaking bonds (Reactants, Products).

  • Synthesis Reactions: (Anabolism) combining.

  • Decomposition Reactions: (Catabolism) breaking down.

  • Metabolism: all anabolic & catabolic reactions.

  • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: electron transfer.

  • Oxidation: electron loss. Reduction: electron gain.

  • Energy: capacity to work (Potential, Kinetic).

  • Rate of Chemical Reaction: influenced by Concentration, Temperature, Catalysts.

  • Catalysts: increase reaction rate.

  • Enzymes: protein catalysts.

  • Inorganic Chemistry: substances without carbon.

  • Organic Chemistry: carbon substances.

  • Water: polar molecule, temperature buffer, lubricant.

  • Acids: proton donors. Bases: proton acceptors.

  • pH Scale: measures H+H^+ concentration.

  • Buffers: resist pH changes.

  • Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
    -Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, converted to glucose
    -Monosaccharides: simple sugar
    -Disaccharides: two monosaccharides bound together
    -Polysaccharides: long chains of monosaccharides
    -Lipids: insoluble in water
    -Major Classes of Lipids= Fats, Phospholipids, Eicosanoids, Steroids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins
    -Fats Humans Ingest are broken down by Hydrolysis Releasing Energy.
    -Consist of 2 different Types of Building Blocks- Glycerol, and 3 Fatty Acids
    -Saturated= Single Covalent Bonds between Carbon Atoms
    -Unsaturated= One or more Double Covalent Bonds between Carbon Atoms
    -Trans Fats- Chemically Altered by the Addition of Hydrogen.
    -Phospholipids= One of the Fatty Acids Bound to the Glycerol is Replaced by a phosphate.
    -Hydrophilic= Water Loving
    -Hydrophobic= Water Fearing
    -Proteins= Organic Macromolecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Bound Together by Covalent Bonds
    -Amino Acids= Building Blocks of Proteins
    -Denaturation= Change in Shape Caused by Breaking of Hydrogen Bonds
    -Peptide Bonds= Covalent Bonds Formed Between Amino Acid Molecules During Protein Synthesis.
    -Enzyme= Increase the Rate at which a Chemical Reaction Proceeds.
    -Nucleic Acids= Large Molecules Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
    -DNA- Genetic Materials
    -RNA- Play Important Roles in Protein Synthesis
    -Gene= Segment of DNA Molecule
    -Nucleotides- Basic Building Blocks of DNA and RNA
    -ATP: storing and providing energy

Cell Biology

  • Cell: basic unit of life.

  • Nucleus: control center.

  • Cytoplasm: between membrane and nucleus.

  • Organelles: structures within cells.

  • Plasma Membrane: outermost cell component, selectively permeable.

  • Tonicity: cell shape.

  • Mediated Transport: membrane proteins.

  • Active Transport: requires ATP.

  • Secondary Active Transport: active transport of ions.

  • Vesicular Transport: movement of large substances.

  • Endocytosis: material into cytoplasm.

  • Exocytosis: material out of cell.

  • Phagocytosis: cell-eating.

  • Pinocytosis: cell-drinking.

  • Cytosol: cytoplasm fluid.

  • Cytoskeleton: supports cell.

  • Microtubules: protein tubes.

  • Nuclear Pores: inner and outer membranes.

  • Chromosomes: DNA and proteins.

  • Histones: associated proteins.

  • Gene: DNA region for RNA.

  • Ribosomes: protein synthesis sites.

  • Autophagy: lysosomes digest organelles.

  • Centrosome: microtubule formation.

  • Centrioles: cylindrical organelle.

  • Sperm: cell with flagella.

  • Heredity: genetic trait transmission.

  • Gene Expression: RNA and proteins from DNA.

  • Transcription: synthesis.

  • Genetic Code: mRNA to amino acid sequence.

  • Translation: protein synthesis at ribosome.
    -Cell Life Cycle Stages: Interphase, Cell Division(Mitosis, Cytokinesis)
    -Cell division stages:
    -Prophase= chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
    -Metaphase= chromosomes align in center of cell
    -Anaphase= chromatids separate
    -Telophase= nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.

  • Apoptosis: programmed cell death.

Tissues

  • Tissues: specialized cells and substances.

  • 4 Primary Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

  • Histology: study of tissues.

  • Embryonic germ layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm.
    -Epithelial Tissue: covers and protects surfaces
    -Free or Apical: exposed surface
    -Lateral Surface: attached to other epithelial cells
    -Basal Surface: attached to a basement membrane
    -Basement Membrane: specialized extracellular material
    -Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified Columnar
    -Simple Epithelium: single layer of cells
    -Stratified Epithelium: multiple layers of cells
    -Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: appears stratified but is not
    -Types of Epitheliums Based on Shapes: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
    -Nonkeratinized (moist) Stratified Squamous Epithelium
    -Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
    -Transitional Epithelium
    -Simple Epithelium: covers surfaces
    -Stratified Epithelium: protection
    -Stratified Squamous: Abrasion
    -Glands: secretory organs, exocrine (with ducts), endocrine (no ducts)
    -Hormones: secreted into bloodstream
    -Connective Tissue: distinguished by its extracellular matrix
    -Blasts: create the matrix. Cytes: maintain the matrix. Clasts: break it down
    -EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: Protein Fibers, Ground Substance
    -Collagen: most abundant protein
    -Reticular: fine collagen
    -Elastic: elastin ability t return to original shape after stretched
    -Embryonic, Adult types: Connective Tissue Proper, Supporting Connective Tissue and Fluid Connective Tissue
    -Loose Connective Tissue: few protein fibers
    -Areolar Tissue= loose, in organ systems
    -Adipose Tissue= packaging, adipocytes
    -Reticular Tissue= reticular fibers
    -Reticular Cells= reticular fibers
    -Dense Connective Tissue: abundant protein fibers
    -Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue= collagen