AP Bio Unit 3

Cell Respiration —

acetyl CoA: intermediate step from pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle, two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A
aerobic: with air
alcohol fermentation: anaerobic glycolysis → ethanol + CO₂
anaerobic: without air
cellular respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, acetyl coA, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation = how animal cells break down glucose to create ATP
chemiosmosis: energy from ETC → electrochemical proton gradient → ATP synthase
citric acid cycle/krebs cycle: acetyl fully oxidizes, no glucose left; 2 acetyl coA→ CO₂ + NADH + FADH₂ + ATP
electron transport chain: a series of protein complexes that bring electrons from cell respiration w/in NADH and FADH₂ and turn it to ATP
facultative anaerobe: does aerobic respiration with oxygen and anaerobic without; can do both
fermentation: anaerobic metabolic pathway, glucose into ATP
glycolysis: breaking down glucose → pyruvate, ATP, NADH
lactic acid fermentation: anaerobic metabolic pathway, in animals, glucose into ATP and lactic acid
NAD+: reduced electron carrier, in all steps
oxidation: loss of electron
oxidative phosphorylation: NADH & FADH_² donate electrons to the ETC → generates lots of ATP: adenosine triphosphate, stores energy
oxidizing agent: donates electron
redox reaction: transfer of electrons
reducing agent: gains electron
reduction: gain of electron
substrate-level phosphorylation: phosphate group + ADP → ATP, w/o ETC, inside glycolysis and krebs cycle

Photosynthesis —

absorption spectrum: graph that shows the amount of pigment absorbed at different wavelengths
autotroph: makes its own energy by photosynthesizing solar energy to glucose
C3 plant: uses rubisco to fix CO₂ to 3c molecule, cool temperate, high temps/light reduce efficacy
C4 plant: PEP fixes CO₂  to 4c molecule → 3c compound, hot dry, more efficient in high sun
Calvin cycle: 2nd step of photosynthesis, in the stroma, light independent reactions, CO₂ → glucose
CAM plant: crassulacean acid metabolism plants, photosynthetic pathway adapted to arid
carbon fixation: rubisco CO₂ into organic compounds RuBP, first step of photosynthesis, light dependent
carotenoid: pigments that caputre light energy for chlorophyll and protect the plant from solar damage

chlorophyll: pigment molecule in plant cells, endosymbiotic theory suggest may have been a prokaryote
cyclic electron flow: electrons are recycled back to photosystem 1 from the ETC → proton gradient → AP synthesis
electromagnetic spectrum: range of wavelengths and colors of light

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: G3P, product of carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
heterotroph: eats glucose for energy, does cell respiration
light-dependent reactions: first step of photosynthesis, in thylakoid membrane, turns sunlight into ATP/NADPH
NADP+: reduced electron carrier in photosynthesis, is reduced to NADPH
non-cyclic electron flow: linear process in photosynthesis where electrons move through both photosystems

PGA: 3-phosphoglycerate, first stable product of carbon fixation (CO₂ + RuBP)
photon: particle of light
photosystem I: second protein complex in thylakoid membrane that captures light energy → ATP + NADPH, has ETC and creates ATP

photosystem II: first protein complex in thylakoid membrane, absorbes initial sunlight into pigment and accepts the electrons
rubisco: catalyzes carbon fixation CO₂ + RuBP → PGA

spectrophotometer: machine measures light frequencies and colors
stomata: pores on a plant leaf
wavelength: measure of light