Summary of Imperialism and Its Effects (1750-1900)
Essential Question
Significance of effects of imperialism (1750-1900)
Economic Impact of Industrial Capitalism
Increased manufacturing capacity led to greater availability, affordability, and variety of goods.
Demand for natural resources grew, driving "the conquest of the earth."
Saturation of domestic markets prompted industrialized nations to seek foreign markets.
Competition among Western nations fueled empire-building.
Effects of Nineteenth-Century Imperialism
Increased migration from colonies and the rise of independence movements.
Heightened political and economic rivalries among European nations.
Changes in Standards of Living
Automation, interchangeable parts, labor specialization improved industrial efficiency, especially in producing consumer goods.
Real wages initially grew slowly, but doubled between 1819 and 1852.
Availability of goods increased and prices fell; however, wealth gap widened.
Social issues (pollution, crowded cities) complicated living standards assessment.
Overseas Expansion
Industrialized nations transitioned to capitalist economies, increasing exports.
Overproduction led to economic rivalries and assistance-seeking for new markets.
Natural resource dependency grew, with industrial nations exploiting resources in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Colonial Domination
European powers dominated most of Africa, parts of Asia, and even China.
Technological advancements (military, shipbuilding, medicine) facilitated Western control.
Seeds of Revolution and Rebellion
Late 1700s revolutions (USA, France) inspired independence movements.
Resistance to westernization occurred (e.g., sepoy rebellion in India, Boxer Rebellion in China).
Migration and Discrimination
Significant migration from less industrialized to industrialized nations for economic opportunities.
Immigrants faced discrimination and often worked in harsh conditions.
Class disparities emerged, with middle and upper classes benefiting from global capitalism.