Psychometric Principles and Intelligence

Validity

  • Content Validity: Measures how well a test represents the whole concept.
  • Face Validity: Appearance of measuring what it claims.
  • Construct Validity: Extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct.

Reliability

  • Test-retest Reliability: Consistency of test scores over time.
  • Split-half Reliability: Consistency of results split into two halves.
  • Inter-rater Reliability: Agreement between different assessors.

Psychometric Principles

  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ): A measure of intelligence.
  • Mental Age (MA): Age at which a person's mental abilities are at the average level.
  • Chronological Age (CA): Actual age of a person.

General Concepts

  • General Ability (G Factor): Underlying general intelligence.
  • Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge gained through experience.
  • Fluid Intelligence: Problem-solving abilities independent of acquired knowledge.

Intelligence Theories

  • Sternberg's Theory: Triarchic theory of intelligence (analytical, creative, practical).
  • Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Different types of intelligence (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical).

Types of Disorders

  • Intellectual Disability: Impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning.
  • Down Syndrome: Genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability.
  • Savant Syndrome: Development of profound abilities in a specific area.

Testing and Achievements

  • Wechsler Scales: Individual intelligence tests (WAIS for adults, WISC for children).
  • Aptitude Tests: Assess a person’s ability to learn or perform.
  • Achievement Tests: Measure knowledge and skills in specific subjects.
  • Educational Inequities: Differences in educational access and quality among groups.
  • Differences Among Groups: Variations in test scores across demographics (e.g., socioeconomic status).
  • Giftedness: Exceptionally high intelligence or ability.

Item Analysis

  • Evaluating the performance of individual test items to improve validity and reliability.
  • Normal Range: Range of scores that is average within the population.