going over the exam in class asf

The flow of a nephron

The very first part of a nephron is called the glomerulus, filtration occurs

Next proximal convoluted tubule, variable reabsorption of water

Next descending nephron loop, reabsorption of water (make sure that reabsoprtion of water is in this explanation)

Ascending nephron loop, solute reabsorption (specifically sodium chloride) (will accept just solute)

Distal convoluted tubule, reabsorption of solutes and secretion (what is special is that this area is hormonal regulated)

Collecting duct, reabsorption and secretion of solutes, hormonally regulated

Papillary duct, reabsorption and secretion of solutes, hormonally regulated

What is MCH and how does it work with the immune system

Major histocompatability protein

The MHC is adaptive immunity

There are 2 classes

  • class 1 produces cells of the plasma membrane and nucleus

    • cd marker 8

      • cytotoxic T-cells

      • Regulatory T-cells

      • Memory T-cells

  • Class 2 process antigen presenting cells

    • cd4

      • lymphocytes:

        • helper T ( activates B cells)

        • B cells become plasma cells, and memory B-cells

        • Plasma cells secrete antibodies

If you don’t feel antigen present cell, assume class one

If these proteins are being presented we are killing the cell in the body

Do costimulation to make sure we are at ally killing the cell

In order to kill the cell we have CD makers (remember by multiplication)

The types of cells associated with each

How does out body control blood pressure

Blood presses (homeostasis)

Blood pressure gets too high: your body is out of homeostasis, your body has one job and its to maintain homeostasis

The steps:

  • blood pressure is too high, secrete nauturitic peptides from the heart walls

  • Decrease thirst centers, you are trying to get rid of water

    • decrease reabsorption in kidneys

  • Bring back down to 120/80

Blood pressure gets too low: you start seeing starts

The steps:

  • renin gets released from the kidneys; and erythropoietin (EPO)

  • EPO makes more red blood cells

    • renin turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

    • Angiotensin 1 becomes angiotensin 2 By angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

  • Angiotensin 2 releases aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa

  • Aldosterone increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys,

    • relapses antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

    • it also activates thirst centers in the brain, taking in more water and your body is keeping the water it has

  • Now we are back to 120/80

Can you explain the relation of blood pressure and blood volume

Can you explain the flow of the different hormone from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and their target organs

Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland to endocrine organ to hormone from target organs (mover)

Hypothalamus has its own hormone and sends ti to the anterior pituitary gland

The anterior pituitary gland has its own hormone that is released to the endocrine organ or other target organs

Picture: hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland

The hormones are essentially passing the baton

Hypothalamus to pituitary gland (gives baton) different hormone leaves and goes to the target organs/gland and gives baton to another hormone and tells it to go to the blood to go to another place which then gos out to the body to have a general effect on the body

The adrenal medulla is directly controlled by the hypothalamus NO SIGNALLINGGGG and epinephrine and norepinephrine get released during the alarm phase, resistance, exhaustion

Somatomedins, glucocorticoids

Somatomedins are linked to thirst centers growth hormone and during adolescence they are the primary hormone that helps you grow

Glucocorticoids are apart to the adrenal cortex, dealing with the muscle. Decrease inflammation and mobilize energy stores

Be familiar with the arenal hormone table

Positive vs negative feedback with growth hormone

Negative feedback back ⬇⬆

too many somatomedins, produce less hormone

NEGATIVE MEANS PRODUCING LESS REASLING HORMONE

positive feedback ⬆⬆

  • the lowder you yell stop the more likely they are to stop

  • the more somatomedins in the blood stream the more you need to secrete

  • the faster you press of the gas the harder you need to brake

  • too many somatomedins, produce more hormone that says stop

POSTIVE MEAN PRODUCE MORE INHIBITNNG HORMONE

both occur at the peak of the somatomedins curve. both want to get the amount of somatomedins down. -


Difference between cell mediate immunity nd antibody mediated immunity

cell mediate - dominated by cytotoxic T cell

  • NK cells would also fall under this category

antibody mediated- dominated by B cells, must become plasma cells before they are secreted.

plasma cells do the action of secretes ion

NK cells use perpherence (poke holes and kill what they wanna kill)

Can you explain which hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, pineal gland, adrenal gland (all regions of the adrenal cortex (including their names) along with the adrenal medulla) and the effect each of these hormones has on the body?

thyroid gland- thyroid hormone (c cells secrete calcitonin)

parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone, also deals with blood calcium

the adrenal cortex- KNOW THE ADRENAL HORMONE TABLE

pineal gland - melatonin (helps you sleep)

pancreas - know alpha and beta cells

  • alpha - glucagon

  • beta- insulin

will we need to know blood circulation patterns in the kidneys?

NO

know capillaries (vesa recta…)

the different regions of the adrenal cortex including the hormones

in the table, JUST KNOW THE GENERAL EFFECTS (maybe matching)

do we need to know or day word what each hormone does and their different types of cells, and the effects of them?

already went over it

2. Could you explain how does filtration work through nephron from the glomerulus, I'm a bit confused. 

Britta filter = how the glomerulus works

as blood is getting pushed through the glomerulus, all the stuff you dont want is pushed though the holes, what you want to keep goes to the efferent arteriole

3. What exactly of dialysis do we need to know?

Need to know its definition

are any other concept we need to know about the urinary system? is the flow of nephron loop the only thing we need to know?

If its of the study guide, know it, if its not= dont worry

are there any written steps we need to know for the exam that we have to write down? 

How your body responds to blood pressure

Flow through a nephron as well

Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and out

(Essay questions)

Can we discuss regulation of blood pressure and blood volume?

Already did

Could we also talk about interferons and complement activation pathways? 

Make sure you know the 3 types of interferons (Inf alpha, beta, gamma)

Know what starts each complement pathway

Alternative - properdin

Focus on classic and lectin

Be familiar with its results

General affects antibodies have

They neutralize the antigen and makes sure nothing else gets infected

We dont need to know the antibody destruction techniques but be able to recognize them

Associate the functions with antibodies

Know that antibodies have these general techniques

Associate with antibodies

can you go over homeostasis and pos/neg feedback regarding blood pressure and volume again?

Done

Can you explain the MHC system in terms of the difference between class of protein, CD marker, cells that respond to each, and the type of antigen they present? The slides were a little confusing :(

Done

We dont need to worry about the type of antigen they need to present

Ways to acquire adaptive immunity

Know naturally acquired active and passive

Artificially acquire active and passive

Active- body is training and doing work

Naturally - body just gets sick

Artificially - putting something in your body

Passive- get it maternally (naturally)

Passive - getting anitobides but not natural (artificial)

Vaccine is artificially acquired active