Exam Study Notes on the Black Death, Great Schism, Hundred Years' War, Renaissance, and Reformation
The Black Death
Most devastating natural disaster in European history.
Social and Economic Impact/Causes
Unknown cause.
Many believed it was God’s punishment for their sins or a devil.
Loss of faith because the church couldn’t save them.
Blame placed on Jews, leading to anti-Semitism (hostility towards Jews).
Decline of the Catholic Church.
Trade declined due to a shortage of workers.
Dramatic rise in the price of labor.
Peasants bargained with lords to pay rent instead of owing services, freeing them from serfdom (institution declining through the high middle ages).
Labor shortage led to scarce manufactured goods and slowed trade.
Labor shortage gave serfs bargaining power, negotiating to become wage earners instead of serfs, leading to the end of serfdom.
Economic impact included the shift from exchange of protection for labor to payment of wages.
Peasants moved to cities seeking higher wages, contributing to the growth of cities.
People turned to the church for salvation, but the church was powerless against the plague, weakening its influence.
Obsession over death in art and culture, with all art and literature focused on death.
Turning Point
Black Death decreased the population, leading to economic and social changes.
The economic system of wealth and owning land weakened.
A new system emerged based on paying money for labor.
Newly empowered peasants and guild members stood up for rights after the plague, leading to peasants revolting over taxes and serfdom.
Decline of Church Power
The struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip VI of France had consequences on the papacy.
Philip taxed the clergy, but Boniface argued that taxing the clergy required the pope's consent (pope is supreme over church and state).
Philip rejected the pope’s position and put Boniface on trial/arrested him.
The Pope escaped but died soon after.
Philip promoted the election of Clement V as pope, who took up residence in Avignon, South France.
Effects
Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells.
Some Jews fled from Germany to Poland, where the king protected them.
Death led to economic consequences, with landlords paying more for labor.
Opinions
All were abandoned and died
The Great Schism
With declining respect and reputation for the papacy, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome but soon died, leaving no pope.
Cardinals went to elect a new pope, but citizens of Rome insisted that the Cardinals would not leave alive unless they elected an Italian.
Cardinals elected an Italian, Pope Urbano VI, but French cardinals declared the election invalid (5 months later) and chose a French man as pope.
Two Popes (Rome and Avignon), beginning the Great Schism/Great Divide of the church.
The Great Schism divided Europe.
The situation became worse in an effort to resolve it, leading to the reign of three Popes.
A Church council ended the schism in 1417, competing popes resigned or were deposed.
A new pope acceptable to all was elected.
Multiple Popes
Political Conflict
French and allies supported the pope in Avignon.
French enemies/England, and allies, supported the Pope in Rome.
Resolution
The Great Schism damaged the church.
Aftermath
Led to reform.
Czech reformers led by John Hus called for an end to the corruption of the clergy and papal power within the church.
John Hus was accused of heresy and burned.
Czechs led an upheaval in Bohemia.
The Church lost political power; the pope no longer had supremacy over the state.
Christianity remained central to the medieval world, but the papacy and church lost spiritual authority.
The Hundred Years’ War
War between England and France.
Trouble started with the duchy (territory) of Gascony in France, which England had, but France wanted it.
King Edward III of England, Duke of Gascony, King Philip VI of France seized the duchy, leading Edward to declare war on Philip, beginning the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
Both had well-trained armies, but the French had more (had a calvary).
The English used Calvary but relied more on peasants, pay to be foot soldiers (armed with spikes, heavy spears, longbows-more power, long range, and speed compared to a crossbow).
Play economic crisis, decline in Catholic Church, war and political instability
The War Begins/Start
Cavalry and foot soldiers
Crecy and Agincourt
Gascony Duchy.
French cocky/didn’t take serious, had no battle plan, English won
French success also b/c of the use of cannon, new weapon by the invention of gunpowder
Battle of Crecy not final because not enough resources to conquer all of France.
Henry V, English king, victory at Battle of Agincourt
Turning point: English foot soldiers and longbows.
Joan of Arc
French peasant saved the monarch, Joan of Arc, deeply religious, had visions and believed that Saints had commanded her to flee France.
King Charles disguised him as a peasant in a room full of peasants, Joan of Arc. Has to pick out the King, got first try, CHarles find sword, now had trust in her faith.
She's the best shot, wanted to use a sword buried under an altar
Persuaded King Charles to allow her to accompany a French army to Orleans, inspired by her faith French armies, found confidence and seized Orleans, won more battles and got the upper hand.
Joan brought the war to a turning point but died before the Hundred Years' War ended, captured by the English, put on trial for witchcraft, found guilty, burned, inspired French army more.
The French were consumed with rally/ambition and gunpowder.
French win Battle of Normandy and Battle of Aquitaine, English surrendered.
Battle of Aquitaine, used gunpowder in cannons, first time cannons used in war.
Political Recovery
Europe unable to produce male heirs.
Founders of new dynasties had to fight further positions when groups of nobles supported opposing candidates for the kingship.
Rulers had financial problems
Monarchy
New rulers in Europe reestablished the centralized power of monarchy; new monarchies emerged in England, France, and Spain.
The Hundred Years' War developed a strong degree of French national feeling toward a common enemy.
Strengthened use of taille (\%tax), a tax on land or property as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority, gave Lewis a regular source of income. Lewis relied on support from the lower nobility and middle class.
Used taxes to rebuild the French army and revamp/rebuilt infrastructure and military.
Used money wisely, got support.
France
King Louis consolidated power and promoted industry and commerce to create a strong monarchy.
England
Was affected by the major cost for the war ruined economy, faced civil conflicts, The Wars of the Roses.
Henry VII created a strong royal government and ended the war of the Nobles by abolishing their private armies, didn’t overburden the nobles in middle class with taxes(won their favor) put the taxes on upper class , got much support for his monarchy.
Spain
Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon, a major step to unifying Spain.
Isabella and Ferdinand believed in religious unity for political unity and expelled all professed Jews from Spain(strict conformity to Catholicism) unless they converted.
Muslims were encouraged to convert to Catholicism, with the choice of conversion or exile.
Muslims conquered much of Spain
Christian rulers in Spain, fought to regain land from Muslims
Independent Christian kingdoms emerged
Both kingdoms remained distinct political kingdoms with separate councils of state and parliament.
Isabel and Ferdinand achieved the goal of religious uniformity.
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance/Italian Renaissance
The period was called the Renaissance, meaning rebirth/revival of art and learning.
It was about humanism and individuality.
The Renaissance involved a rebirth of art, culture, and learning.
Europe suffered from war and plague Questioned the institutions of the Middle Ages because they were unable to prevent war or relieve suffering from the plague, Questioned church.
Renaissance scholars looked down on art and lit, wanted to learn of the Greeks and Romans in many ways.
inspiration from ruins of Rome.
studied ancient Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries.
christian scholars went to Rome w Greek manuscripts when Turks conquer Constantinople.
Italy had three advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance: thriving cities/geography, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome.
Overseas trade in the Crusades led to the growth of cities in Northern Italy.
Cities provided a place for sharing ideas and were ideal breeding grounds for an intellectual revolution.
Merchants dominated politics but couldn’t inherit social ranks, unlike nobilities who were born into it.
Nobles fought to control the monarchy.
City-States
The bubonic plague hit; economic changes and few opportunities to expand businesses led merchants to pursue other things like art.
Merchants and the Medici
Successful merchants believed they deserved power and wealth because of their merit/goodness and personal achievements.
They networked their way to the top and influenced people running the city through the art of persuasion.
The Medici bank had offices throughout Italy and major cities in Europe; Cosimo de Medici was the wealthiest European of his time and won control over Florence’s government.
They didn’t seek office but influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans; the family continued control over Florence.
Themes in art: humanism(big picture), secularism, individualism(one focal point).
The educated hoped to bring back the culture of classical Greece and Rome.
Renaissance scholars looked down on art and lit, wanted to learn of the Greeks and Romans in many ways
Revived past and created something new, innovative styles of art and lit, and new values(importance of individual)
art and literature were everywhere; one didn’t need to look far to find their heritage; lots of Greeks migrated to Italy.
Classical and Worldly Values
Renaissance scholars looked down on art and lit, wanted to learn of the Greeks and Romans in many ways
The educated hoped to bring back the culture of classical Greece and Rome.
They revived past and created something new, innovative styles of art and lit, and new values(importance of individual)
Scholars revived classical Lexus, Leading to Humanism, intellectual movement focusing on human nature, potential, and achievements, discussing language and history/humanities, promotes(love and beauty in Birth of Venus).
Humanism
Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education: history, lit, philosophy called humanities/humanism.
Secular
Worldly rather than spiritual, but concerned with the present/material world/focus on the luxuries of life and focus on realism in art, teachings of the church.
Individualism
Focus on individuals.
Belief in individual achievements became important during the Renaissance.
Didn’t make classical texts agree with Christian teachings (medieval scholars), humanists studied them to understand Ancient Greek values.
They influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions.
*Florence, republican city-state/one powerful ruler, ruled by Medici family bank.Worldly Pleasures
In the Middle Ages, people wore rough clothing and ate plain food to show devotion to their religion.
Humanists suggested that you can enjoy life without offending God.
In the Renaissance, the wealthy enjoyed luxuries, good music, and fine foods.
Patrons of the Arts
Church leaders beautified Rome and other cities by spending lots of money on the arts, becoming patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists.
Renaissance merchants and wealthy families were patrons of the arts, had their portraits painted, and donated art to the city for public squares (demonstrating their own importance).
The Renaissance Man
Baldassare Castiglione wrote the book “The Courtier” teaching how to become such a person; men should be charming, witty, well-educated in the classics, able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, and be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman.
A Renaissance man should be good at everything and knowledgeable.
The Renaissance Woman
According to “The Courtier”, upper-class Renaissance women should know the classics and be charming but not seek fame; they should inspire art (but rarely create it).
Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art.
Individuals strove to master almost every area of study; a man who excelled in many fields was praised and called the “universal man/Renaissance man.”
Upper-class Renaissance women were better educated than medieval women.
Renaissance women had little influence in politics.
Few women did exercise power, such as Isabella d’Este.
she married the ruler of another city-state, Mantua, brought many Renaissance artists to her court, and built a famous art collection; skilled in politics, when her husband was captured in war, she defended Mantua and won his release.
The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Supported by patrons (e.g., Isabella), artists worked in Northern Italy.
As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changed:
Medieval artists used religious objects to convey a spiritual idea.
Renaissance artists portrayed religious subjects but used a realistic style copied from classical models; Greek and Roman subjects became popular, and the technique of perspective was used to show three dimensions on a flat surface.
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
With an emphasis on individuals, painters began to paint famous citizens.
Realistic portraits revealed what was distinctive about each person, and painters used a realistic style when depicting the human body (e.g., Michelangelo Buonarroti).
Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving natural positions and expressions that revealed personality and revived a classical form in his statue of David (boy in the Bible who became a great king).
Donatello’s sculpture was the first European sculpture of a large free-standing nude since ancient times; David was a favorite subject.
Leonardo, Renaissance Man
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist.
Interested in how things worked, he studied and made observations and sketches, incorporating his findings in his art.
He painted one of the best-known portraits in the world, “The Mona Lisa,” and a famous religious painting, “The Last Supper,” which shows the personalities of Jesus’s disciples and their faithful expressions.
Raphael Advances Realism
Raphael’s Sanzio learned from studying Leonardo’s and Michelangelo’s work.
He was famous for his use of perspective.
He filled the walls of Pope Julius II’s library with paintings, one being “School of Athens,” reflecting the classical influence on the Renaissance.
He painted famous Renaissance figures (Michelangelo, Leonardo, himself) as classical philosophers and their students.
Anguissola and Gentileschi
Renaissance society restricted women’s roles.
Few Italian women became notable painters.
Sofonisba Anguissola was the first woman artist to gain an international reputation, known for her portraits of her sisters and of famous people (e.g., King Philip II of Spain).
Artemisia Gentileschi trained with her painter father and helped with his work, making her own paintings of strong, heroic women.
Renaissance Writers Change Literature
Renaissance writers produced works that reflect their time.
Dante wrote in the vernacular (native language).
Renaissance writers wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects.
Writers of the Renaissance began trends that modern writers still follow.
Petrarch and Boccaccio
Francesco Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanists, the father of Renaissance humanism, and a great poet (writing in Italian and Latin).
He wrote sonnets about his ideal and letters to important friends.
Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian writer, is best known for the “Decameron,” a series of realistic stories supposed to be told by a group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid the plague sweeping through Florence; it presents both tragic and comic views of life and presents characters in all their individuality and foolishness/personality.
Machiavelli Advises Rulers
“The Prince” by Niccolò Machiavelli discusses the imperfect conduct of human beings.
It talks about how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies and begins with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt; to succeed, a prince must be strong and know how to trick his enemies and his own people for the good of the state, not concerned about what was morally right but what was politically effective.
People thought it was praiseworthy for a prince to keep his word and live with integrity, but Machiavelli argued that in the real world of power and politics, a prince might mislead the people and lie to his opponents.
In order to accomplish great things, one must be crafty enough to not only overcome suspicions but also gain the trust of others.
Vittoria Colonna
Famous women writers during the Renaissance usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics, but some had great influence.
Vittoria Colonna exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish “The Courtier.”
Her own poems expressed pressure personal emotions.
The Northern Renaissance
Renaissance ideas began to spread north from Italy by the end of the 15th century.
Renaissance ideas spread from Northern Italy to Northern Europe for two reasons:
Kings and queens paid to bring talents to their lands; rulers sponsored artists by purchasing paintings and supporting artists and writers.
Francis I invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France and hired Italian artists and architects to rebuild and decorate his castle at Fontainebleau.
The French king claimed the throne of Naples (Southern Italy) and launched an invasion through Northern Italy, bringing Italian Renaissance styles and techniques with them.
Artists showed the Renaissance spirit, demonstrating interest in classical culture, curiosity about the world, and a belief in human potential.
Humanist writers expanded ideas about individuality.
Ideas impressed scholars, students, and merchants, who spread Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe.
The period Renaissance spread to England in mid 1500s, Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth.
Queen was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek, wrote poetry and music, supported the development of English art and lit.
The Northern Renaissance Begins
Northern Europe's population declined due to the bubonic plague but began to grow again.
After the 100 Years' War, many cities grew rapidly.
Urban merchants became wealthy and sponsored artists.
First in Flanders, rich from long distance trade and the cloth industry.
Patronage of artists increased as wealth increased.
Italy was divided into city-states, while England and France were unified under strong monarchs.
Renaissance ideas mixed with Northern traditions, and the Northern Renaissance developed its own character, interested in realism and the ideal of human dignity (developed plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values).
Artists Ideas Spread
Italian artists and writers left for a safer life in Northern Europe.
Northern European artists who studied in Italy carried Renaissance ideas back to their homelands.
German Painters
Albrecht Dürer, a famous German artist, traveled to Italy and returned to Germany to produce woodcuts and engravings.
The pieces portrayed religious subjects, classical myths, or realistic landscapes.
The popularity of Dürer’s work spread Renaissance styles.
He emphasized realism, influencing the work of other German artists, such as Hans Holbein the Younger.
Holbein specialized in painting realistic portraits.
He immigrated to England, where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the English royal family.
Flemish Painters
Support from wealthy merchant families in Flanders helped to make Flanders the artistic center of Northern Europe.
The first great Flemish Renaissance painter was Jan van Eyck.
Italian art vs. Northern European Renaissance art: two similarities and one difference:
The similarities were Realism, humanism and individualism.
Northern European artwork becomes non-secular/becomes religious (monarchs wanted to promote religion).
They advocated for artwork to follow the Bible through stories.
They relied on the teachings of the Bible rather than the Pope and Church (people were fed up with the pope and priests).
Van Eyck used oil paint to develop techniques that painters still use (layering), able to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels; oil painting became popular and spread to Italy.
New techniques from van Eyck’s painting displayed realistic details and revealed the personality of their subjects, influencing later artists in Northern Europe.
Flemish painting reached its peak with the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
Bruegel was interested in realistic details and individual people and skillful in portraying large numbers of people.
He used rich color, vivid details, and balanced use of space to give a sense of life and feeling.
Northern Writers Try to Reform Society
Italian humanists were interested in reviving classical languages and classical texts.
When Italian humanist ideas reached the north, people used them to examine traditional teachings of the church.
Northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Christian church to inspire people to live a Christian life.
This criticism made a new movement, Christian humanism.
The focus of Christian humanism was the reform of society.
Education was important; they promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by boys and girls.
Christian Humanists
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More were best known for Christian humanism.
Erasmus wrote "The Praise of Folly," his most famous work, talked about greeting, merchants, heartsick, lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and important ideas.
Erasmus believed in Christianity of the heart rather than ceremonies or rules.
He believed that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.
*More tried to show a better model of society, wrote "Utopia" /"no place", about an imaginary land agreed corruption, and more have been taken out, and little use for money.More wrote in Latin, and the work became popular and translated into other languages.
Women’s Reform
The vast majority of Europeans were unable to read or write.
Families who could afford schooling only sent sons.
Christine de Pizan spoke out against this practice; she was highly educated and the first woman to earn a living as a writer.
She wrote in French, writing short stories, biographies, novels, and manuals on military tactics, and wrote about the objections men had to educating a woman.
The Elizabethan Age
Johann Gutenberg brought the printing press to Northern Europe, incorporating a number of technologies in a new way; the process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply, and he printed a complete Bible/the Gutenberg Bible.
This led to the quick and widespread spread of religion across Europe (books, writings, art).
Social, Political, Economic, and Religious Causes.
Both the church has weakened, and the renaissance emphasized secularism and individualism.
Rulers began to challenge the church’s political power.
She was one of the first European writers to question the different treatment of boys and girls; the goal of a formal education for both genders would not be achieved for several centuries.
Renaissance Spread to England in Mid 1500s, Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth, she was the one who supported the English art and lit.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age, greatest play writer of all time.
Lived in London and wrote poems and plays, and later performed at the Globe Theater.
Reverse the Classics and drew on them for inspirations and plots, displayed a masterful command of English Language Language and a deep understanding of human beings.
Revealed the souls of men and women through scenes of dramatic conflict, The plays examine human flaws.
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
The Chinese invented block printing, where a printer carved words or letters on a wooden block and then used it to print on paper.
Bi Sheng invented movable type, a separate piece of type for each character in the language, found impractical, method would prove practical for Europeans because their languages have a very small number of letters in their alphabets.
Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process
Block-printed items reached Europe from China.
European printers began to use block printing for books, but the process was too slow to satisfy the Renaissance demand for knowledge, information, and books.
The printing press enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies of a single work, and books were cheap, first used to produce religious works, then other subjects such as travel guides and medical manuals.
Luther Leads the Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church had dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe but had not won universal approval.
People criticized their practices, and church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits (gaining wealth and political power).
Critism led to Rebellion
Leaders were corrupt Social, Political, Economic and Religious Causes.
Causes of the Reformation
Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge, but Tezel gave the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way to heaven.
Luther wrote the 95 Theses/formal statements attacking the pardon-merchants, posting the statements on the door of the castle church and inviting scholars to debate him.
This began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority.
In addition to criticizing the church, he wanted a full reform and had teachings with three main ideas:
Win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness; faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.
All church teachings should be clearly based on words of the Bible; both the pope and church traditions were false authorities.
All people with faith were equal, and people didn’t need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
In Germany (competing states), it was difficult for the pope or emperor to impose central authority.
Northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome.
Social, political, and economic forces led to a new movement for religious reform in Germany, which spread into Europe.
Criticism of the Catholic Church
Popes ruling during the Renaissance patronized the arts, focused on personal pleasures, and fought wars.
Pope Alexander VI fathered several children.
Many peoples were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have time for spiritual duties.
The lower clergy had problems; priests and monks were poorly educated/could scarcely read or teach people.
They broke their priestly vows by marrying, drinking, or gambling.
Early Calls for Reform
Influenced by reforms, people had higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders.
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocated for church reform, denied that the pope had the right to worldly power, and taught that the Bible had more authority than church leaders.
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More, Christian humanists, added to the criticism.
Europeans read religious works and formed their own opinions about the church.
Johann Tetzel raised money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome and sold indulgences, a pardon released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins.
Luther's words were taken to a printer, Luther became known all over Germany.
The Response to Luther
Pope Leo X had a degree threatening Luther w excommunication unless he took back his statement, Luther didn’t but cheered as he threw the degree in fire, Leo excommunicated Luther.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opposed Luther’s teaching; controlled a large empire (German states) and summoned Luther to the town of Worms to stand trial for his statement.
Luther made his speech, Charles issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms, declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic, no one in the empire could give Luther food or shelter, all Luther’s books should be burned.
The revolt horrified Luther (never wanted a revolt, just a reform and to be a good Christian) and wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show the peasants no mercy.
Northern German princes supported Lutheranism.
Some princes shared Luther’s beliefs, while others liked Luther’s ideas for selfish reasons; they saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize Church property and assert their independence from Charles V.
The Pope’s Threat
luther's word were taken to a printer, Luther became known all over Germany.
Church official in Rome view Luther as a rebellious monk needing to be punished by his superiors.
Luther’s ideas became more popular, and the people realized he was a threat.
Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force
The Emperor’s Opposition
Prince Frederick the Wise disobeyed the emperor, he sheltered Luther in one of his castles, while there Luther translated the New Testament into German
Luther had spread across Germany, to seek instead of reform, he had started his own religion.
Germans had started applying Luther’s teaching to the real world.
Instead of seeking reform in Catholic Church, Luther and followers became a separate religion, Lutherans.
The Peasants’ Revolt
Began to apply Luther’s ideas to society.
German peasants talked of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom.
Angry peasants raided monasteries, pillaging/robbing, and burning.
Princes’ armies crushed the revolt, killing 100,000 people; peasants felt betrayed and rejected Luther’s religious leadership.
Luther's teachings: win salvation only by faith in Gods teaching, all teaching in the bible not the word of the Pope not valid, only Jesus not priest can forgive sins and everyone had faith
German princes loyal to the Pope joined together against the ideas of Luther.
princes supporting Luther signed a protest against the agreement
Princes’ army crushed revolt, killed 100,00 people, peasants felt betrayed and rejected Luther’s religious leadership, divided into Protestants and Catholics.
Protesting princes/Protestants, Christian’s who belonged to non-Catholic Churches.
The Division of Christianity
Charles V hoped subjects would remain Catholic and went to war against the Protestant princes, he defended those princes before but failed to force them back into the Catholic Church.
England Becomes Protestant
The Catholic Church faced a challenge to its authority in England.
The man who broke England’s ties to the Roman Catholic Church did so for political and personal, not religious, reasons.
Henry VIII Wants a Son
Henry VIII became king of England, a devoted Catholic, and wrote an attack on Luther's ideas.
The Pope gave him the tile “Defender of the Faith” for his support.
He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had a daughter, Mary; no woman had successfully claimed the English throne.
Henry asked the pope to set aside his marriage but was declined because the pope didn’t want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Charles did not want Henry to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Reformation Parliament - the act of breaking off the ties to the Roman Empire Church.
Calling parliament, and having legal papers, and signing them.
Henry did this to try to get an annulment and try to have a boy, but instead, had Elizabeth.
Henry solved his marriage problems himself with his action, and made his problems worse.
Reformation Parliament
Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn, Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce with Catherine.
Charles couldn’t do anything, because Henry had too much support.
Henry made himself the new Pope and had more political power.
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, fell out of Henry’s favor, charged with treason and imprisoned, found guilty, and beheaded.
His third wife, Jane Seymour, gave birth to a son, Edward, but his wife died.
Married x3 but no children.
Henry died, and all 3 children ruled England in turn, created religious turmoil.
Edward became King at 9 yrs, guided by adult advisors (devoted Protestants and introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church) reigned for 6 yrs.
Mary took the throne, a Catholic, and returned the English Church to the rule of the pope, met with resistance and executed many Protestants and died.
Protestantism
Ordered all German Princes(Protestant and Catholic) to assemble in the city of Augsburg, princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state, Peace of Augsburg Annulment, Reformation Parliament, and Act of Supremacy, the effects of King Henry VII breaking away from the Church.
Henry needed a male heir and feared another war would start if he died without a son as his heir.
Is convinced his wife won’t have more children, wanted to divorce her and get a younger queen.
Because the church didn’t approve of divorce.
Pope could set aside it if there was proof that it was never legal in the first place/annulment.
Called Parliament into session, asked to pass a set of laws to end the pope’s power in England, Reformation Parliament.
Henry’s break with the pope was completed when Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, people oath to recognizing the divorce and accept Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England’s Church.
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
She determines to return to Protestantism.
Parliament followed her wishes and set up the Church of England/Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as head and the only legal church in England.
She established a state church that moderated Catholics and Protestants so they both accept it.
To please Protestants: priests in the Church of England could marry and deliver sermons in English (not Latin).
To please Catholics: the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic serves (rich robes), and church services were revised to be more acceptable to Catholics.
Elizabeth Faces other Challenges
Moderate meant a level of religious peace, but religion remained a problem.
Some Protestants pushed Elizabeth to make more far-reaching church reforms; Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots.
She faced threats from Phillip II, the Catholic king of Spain.
There were money problems; she thought about rebuilding an American empire for income.
Colonies strengthened England economically but didn’