Final Study Guide: Summer II 2023

Lab 8: Respiratory System

  • Larynx Model: Identify the following structures:

    • Epiglottis stem
    • Epiglottis leaf
    • Vocal fold
    • Thyroid cartilage
    • Laryngeal prominence

  • Lobule Model: Identify the following structures:

    • Pulmonary artery
    • Pulmonary vein
    • Alveolus (pl. alveoli)
    • Alveolar sac

  • Bronchiole Tree Model: Identify the following structures:

    • Trachea
    • Primary bronchus
    • Secondary bronchus
    • Tertiary (Terminal) bronchioles

  • Respiratory Model-Flat: Identify the following structures:

    • Trachea
    • Primary bronchus
    • Alveolus

  • Additional Questions:

    • What structure vibrates to make sound when air rushes up and out of the lungs?
    • During which phase of respiration does air rush into the lungs? (Inspiration)
    • During which phase of respiration does air rush out of the lungs? (Expiration)
    • What do the balloons represent in the Bell Jar Lung model?
    • The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal expiration is called expiratory reserve volume.
    • The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inhalation is called inspiratory reserve volume.
    • What is the spirometer used to measure? (Lung volumes and capacities)

Lab 9: Digestive System

  • Human Torso Model: Identify the following organs:

    • Esophagus
    • Stomach
    • Small Intestine
    • Large Intestine (Colon)
    • Liver
    • Gall bladder
    • Pancreas

  • Teeth/Jaw Model: Identify the following structures:

    • Incisor
    • Canine
    • Premolar
    • Molar
    • Mandible

  • Pancreas Model: Identify the pancreas and the enzymes it produces (Amylase, Lipase, Proteases).

  • Intestinal Wall Model: Identify the following layers:

    • Muscularis externa
    • Submucosa
    • Mucosa
    • Villus (pl. villi)

  • Cat Dissection: Identify the following organs:

    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
    • Liver
    • Gall bladder

  • Additional Questions:

    • The folds within the stomach are known as rugae.
    • How many deciduous teeth would a child have? (20)
    • How many permanent teeth do adults have? (32)
    • Which enzyme in saliva helps break down starch? (Amylase)
    • What is the function of bile? (Emulsifies fats)

Lab 10: Urinary System

  • Kidney Model: Identify the following structures and functions:

    • Medulla
    • Cortex
    • Renal pyramid
    • Renal artery and vein
    • Pelvis
    • Major and minor calyx

  • Nephron Model: Identify the following structures:

    • Bowman's capsule
    • Proximal convoluted tubule
    • Distal convoluted tubule
    • Collecting duct
    • Papillary ducts
    • Loop of Henle (descending & ascending limbs)

  • Additional Questions:

    • Four major components of urine: Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Electrolytes.
    • Four abnormal urine constituents: Proteins, Glucose, Ketones, Blood.
    • What is the normal pH range of fresh urine? (4.5 - 8)
    • What is the urometer used for? (Measuring specific gravity of urine)
    • The phosphate test appears positive due to the presence of phosphate crystals.

Lab 11: Reproductive System

  • Male Reproductive Model: Identify:

    • Glans Penis
    • Testis
    • Prostate
    • Urinary bladder
    • Spongy urethra
    • Prostatic urethra
    • Membranous urethra
    • Corpus cavernosum

  • Female Reproductive Model: Identify:

    • Ovary
    • Fallopian tube
    • Uterus
    • Cervix
    • Vagina
    • Clitoris

  • Mitosis Model: Identify the stages:

    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase

  • Meiosis Model: Identify the stages:

    • Prophase I
    • Metaphase I
    • Anaphase I
    • Metaphase II
    • Anaphase II
    • Secondary spermatocyte
    • Sperm
    • Ovum
    • Zygote

Embryonic Development & Surface Anatomy

  • Pregnant Female Model: Identify:

    • Placenta
    • Uterus
    • Urinary bladder
    • Vagina
    • Fetus
    • Umbilical cord
    • Cervix

  • Placenta Model: Identify:

    • Umbilical cord
    • Maternal side of placenta
    • Fetal side of placenta
    • Fetal membrane

  • Embryonic Development Model: Stages to identify:

    • Fertilization
    • Zygote
    • 2 cell stage
    • 4 cell stage
    • 16 cell stage

  • Fetal Development Model: Identify:

    • Chorion
    • Decidua basalis
    • Decidua capsularis
    • Amnion
    • Amnionic cavity

  • Additional Questions:

    • Fertilization usually occurs in the ampule of the Fallopian tube.
    • How many days after fertilization does a blastocyst form? (5-6 days)
    • How many days after fertilization does implantation occur? (6-10 days)
    • A fertilized egg is called a zygote.
    • What are the three layers of the uterine wall? (Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium)

  • Landmarks: Identify the following on diagrams:

    • Shoulder, Arm, and Leg: Acromion, Deltoid muscle, Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, Quadriceps femoris muscle, Gastrocnemius
    • Head and Neck: Zygomatic arch, Laryngeal prominence, Cricoid cartilage, Jugular notch, Root of nose, Bridge of nose
    • Torso: Trapezius, Pectoralis major, Linea alba, Linea semilunaris, McBurney’s point

  • Additional Concepts:

    • Palpation: Feeling internal structures through the skin with fingers.
    • Common incision point for appendectomy: McBurney’s point.
    • Injection site: Deltoid muscle or Vastus lateralis muscle.