Line Graph

A. Structure

I. Introduction

*Bắt đầu Intro với cấu trúc:

  • “The line graph depicts/indicates/illustrates” + Theme + Place (optional) +Time (optional). “The unit is measured in” +… (đơn vị đo lường)

  • “The line graph/bar chart/table/pie chart/map/layout/etc” + “gives information about” + Theme + Place (optional) +Time (optional). “The unit is measured in” +…

*Paraphrase Theme: có 3 cách

  • Sử dụng synonyms

  • Thay đổi cấu trúc câu: thể chủ động sang bị động và ngược lại; mệnh đề quan hệ

  • Thay đổi form từ: noun <=> verbs => thay đổi cấu trúc ngữ pháp

II. Overview (Xu hướng vượt trội và so sánh nhanh)

*Cách viết bắt đầu:

  • “Overall,” + the given figures/data/statistics + depict/reveal + General trends

  • “Overall,” + X factor is the most/least popular compared to the others

*General trend(s):

  • Verbs

    • X factor + Verb (trend) + preposition + time

    • The figure(s)/data/statistic for X factor + V(trend) + preposition + time

    • The amount/the number/the quantity/the volume of sth…

  • Nouns

    • A/an … trend (an increase) in X factor + is witnessed/seen/recorded/observed + pre + time

    • A/an … trend (a decrease) + is witnessed/seen/observed in X factor / is recorded for X factor + pre + time

    • Time witness(es)/see(s)/record(s) + a/an … trend in X factor + pre + time

    • There + be (is/are/will be) + a/an … trend in X factor + preposition + time 

    • X factor witness(es)/see(s)/record(s)/experience(s) + a/an … trend (a growth) in its figures/values + preposition + time 

    • X factor witness(es)/see(s)/record(s)/experience(s) + a/an … trend (a growth) in its consumption/intake/participation (depends)

III. Body

Chia body thành 2 khổ dựa vào các năm

  • Para 1: the first years

  • Para 2: the rest

    • Sắp xếp câu: V sentence => N sentence => V sentence => N sentence

    • Yếu tố đóng vai trò quan trọng như 1 chủ ngữ

      • Data themselves: 2 millions of oil barrels 

      • Years: The year 1982; the period between... 

      • X: The oil production; The oil consumption 

      • The figure/statistic/data for X 

      • The amount of N(uncountable) 

      • The number/quantity of N 

      • There is/was … (relative clause)

B. Expression

I. Trend Language

  1. Verb

    1-2: 

    - remain unchanged/stable/constant/unaltered (+ at data):

    - stabilize/level off (+ data) 

    2-3: 

    - slightly/slowly/modestly/gently/gradually increase (to + data) 

    - increase/rise/grow/escalate/climb 

    3-4: 

    - swell to + data 

    - surge/soar/jump/skyrocket (to + data) 

    - dramatically/markedly/significantly/considerably/substantially/staggeringly/ sharply/rapidly/steeply increase (to + data) 

    4: 

    - peak at + data 

    4-5:

    - plunge/plummet (to + data) 

    - dramatically/markedly/significantly/considerably/substantially/staggeringly/

    sharply/rapidly/steeply decrease (to + data) 

    5-6: 

    - wildly/greatly/significantly fluctuate (>< slightly fluctuate) 

    - fluctuate/vary/become unstable 

    6-7: 

    - slightly/slowly/modestly/gently/gradually decrease (to + data) 

    - decrease/fall/dip/decline/drop/shrink (to + data)

  2. Noun

    1-2: 

    - no change/a period of stability (+ at data) 

    - reach/hit a plateau (+ at data) 

    - maintain a value at + data 

    2-3: 

    - slight/slow/modest/gentle/gradual increase (to + data) 

    - increase/rise/growth/escalation/increment/upward trend 

    3-4: 

    - surge (to + data) 

    - dramatic/marked/significant/considerable/substantial/staggering/sharp/rapid/steep increase (to + data) 4: 

    - reach the highest point/reach a peak at + data 

    5: 

    - hit bottom/hit a trough/hit an all-time low/reach the lowest point at + data 

    4-5: 

    - plunge/plummet (to + data) 

    - dramatic/markedly/significant/considerable/substantial/staggering/sharp/rapid/steep decrease (to + data) 

    5-6: 

    - wild/great/significant fluctuation (around + data/from...to…) >< slight fluctuation - fluctuation/variation 

    6-7: 

    - slight/slow/modest/gentle/gradual decrease (to + data) 

    - decrease/fall/dip/decline/drop (to + data)

II. Describing Numbers

* Verbs/Phrases 

  • occupy = make up = account for = comprise = constitute: chiếm (+ %; ⅔, ⅓, etc.)

* Prepositions 

  • at …% ( indicates the exactly given number; e.g. stay steady at 20%)

  • to...&% (indicates the number after a rise or a decrease; e.g. increase to 20%) 

  • between… and… (usually used to indicate time and with “fluctuate”; e.g. fluctuate between 20% and 45%/fluctuate around...) 

  • a rise from 14% to 30% = a rise of 16% (= 30 -14); a decrease from 43% to 21% = a decrease of 22% (“of" is used to indicate the gap between two figures of an object and preceded by a noun) - grow from 14% to 30% = grow by 16%; fall from 43% to 21% = fall by 22% (“by" is used to indicate the gap between two figures of an object and preceded by a verb) 

E.g. The consumption of coca gradually increased from 200 thousand in 1990 to 225 thousand cans in 1995 = The consumption of coca gradually increased by 25 thousand cans from 1990 to 1995.

III. Linking Words/Phrases

* Opening 

  • In detail,.../As can be observed from the graph,.../It can be seen from the graph that...

* Connecting information 

  • Moreover,.../Furthermore,.../Additionally,../In addition,.../Besides,... 

  • It is noticeable that… 

  • Similarly,.../Likewise,... 

* Contrasting and comparing 

  • However/Nevertheless,... 

  • By contrast/On the contrary/In contrast,... 

  • In contrast with X, Y.... 

  • While X…, Y…/Whereas X…, Y... 

  • X….. Meanwhile, Y... 

  • Although X…, Y…

IV. Comparison Methods

V. Time referencing

VI. Making forecasts in the future