Comprehensive Notes: Experience History 9th Edition Chapters 1-32

Chapter 1: The First Civilizations of North America

Learning Objectives: * Compare and contrast Native cultures in Mesoamerica and North America. * Explain environmental impacts on North American cultural development. * Understand agricultural and social organization types in Mesoamerica and North America.
Key Terms & Agricultural Beginnings: * Bering Strait: The land bridge used for initial migration. * Diversified Societies: Formed based on varied environments. * Agricultural Revolution: Began in the South $10,000$ years ago with the domestication of squash. Following this, farmers planted beans, tomatoes, and corn, transforming life by $1,000$ years later. By $1500\,BCE$ , farming reached a larger society, leading to food supply stability and population growth.
Major Civilizations: * The Olmecs: Built large plazas and pyramidal structures; turned Mexico into a metropolis with schools, palaces, and marketplaces. * Teotihuacán: Reached its height in $650\,CE$ with a population of $200,000$ , making it the $6^{th}$ largest city in the world at the time. * The Mayans ( $3^{rd}$ to $9^{th}$ Century): Located in lowland jungles; built cities with aqueducts, bridges, and temples. Developed a written language, the concept of zero, and an astronomic calendar. Collapsed by $900\,CE$ for unknown reasons. * The Aztecs ( $13^{th}$ to $15^{th}$ Century): Centered in Mexico. Capital: Tenochtitlán, an island city with causeways. Known for flashiness and a society utilizing war-captive slavery. * Southwest Groups: Included the Mogollon, Hohokam (floodplain irrigation), and Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi). The Pueblo built masonry villages (Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon) and adapted plants to high altitudes. Population grew to between $30,000$ and $50,000$ by $1100\,CE$ .
Eastern Woodlands & Others: * Adena & Hopewell: Known for earthen burial mounds and riches. * Mississippian Culture ( $12^{th}$ Century): Depended on agriculture. Cahokia was a major trading hub with $30,000$ people near present-day St. Louis.

Chapter 2: Old Worlds, New Worlds

Exploration and Context: * John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto): Discovered Newfoundland in $1497$ . Popularized by King Henry VII for cod and mast timber. * European Shifts: Post-Black Death (which killed $\frac{1}{4}$ of the population) led to wage improvements and trade expansion. Innovations in navigation, shipbuilding, and gunpowder occurred. * Zheng He: Led Chinese treasure fleets; China dominated the international economy in $1450$ .
Colonization & Conquest: * The Portuguese: Led by Prince Henry the Navigator. Established coastal forts in Africa and traded for ivory, spices, and slaves. * Christopher Columbus: Reached the Bahamas in $1492$ with three ships. Mistook his location for the Indies. Overturned Taino populations via disease and abuse. * Hernán Cortés: Led an expedition in $1519$ against the Aztecs. Exploited internal divisions and utilized superior weaponry to conquer Tenochtitlán. * The Black Legend: Stemmed from Bartolomé de Las Casas, who denounced Spanish tyranny and cruelty toward Native peoples.
Religion: * Reformation: Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses in $1517$ , advocating for personal Bible interpretation. John Calvin introduced predestination. * English Reformation: King Henry VIII named himself head of the church to remarry. Led to the rise of Puritans.

Chapter 3: Colonization and Conflict in the South

The Chesapeake: * Jamestown ( $1607$ ): Founded on the land of the Powhatan Confederacy. Faced the "Starving Time" (winter $1609$ to $1610$ ), where only $60$ of $500$ survived. * Tobacco Promotion: Introduced by John Rolfe, creating a monoculture and economic boom. * Labor Systems: The Headright System awarded $50$ acres for transporting workers. Most arrivals ( $\frac{3}{4}$ ) were indentured servants (serving $4$ to $7$ years). Transitioned to African slavery after $1680$ as mortality rates dropped.
Expansion & Conflict: * Maryland: Founded by the Calverts in $1623$ as a proprietorship for Catholics. * Bacon’s Rebellion ( $1676$ ): Led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley over land and Native American trade; burned Jamestown. * The Carolinas: South Carolina focused on rice and a heavy slave population ( $4$ to $1$ ratio by the $18^{th}$ century). North Carolina remained poorer due to lack of harbors.

Chapter 4: Colonization and Conflict in the North

New France: * Samuel de Champlain: Aligned with Hurons and Algonquins; prioritized the fur trade (beaver pelts). Jesuits attempted to convert Natives.
Middle Colonies: * New Netherland: Established by the Dutch for trade (Fort Orange/Albany). Conquered by England in $1664$ and renamed New York. * Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn and Quakers in $1681$ . Emphasized egalitarianism and peaceable relations with the Lenni Lenape.
New England: * Pilgrims ( $1620$ ): Drafted the Mayflower Compact. Half died the first winter. * Massachusetts Bay: Led by the "Great Migration" and John Winthrop ("City on a Hill"). Dissenters included Roger Williams (Rhode Island) and Anne Hutchinson. * Witchcraft: $344$ New Englanders charged in the $1^{th}$ century; $\frac{3}{4}$ were women.

Chapter 6: Imperial Triumph, Imperial Crisis

Seven Years' War ( $1754$ to $1763$ ): * Sparked in the Ohio Country; George Washington's failed expedition. William Pitt turned the tide for Britain. Resulted in the Treaty of Paris ( $1763$ ), removing France as a North American power.
Protests & Taxes: * Acts: Sugar Act ( $1764$ ), Quartering Act ( $1765$ ), and the Stamp Act ( $1765$ ). The slogan "No taxation without representation" emerged. * Resistance: Sons of Liberty organized riots. Boston Massacre ( $1770$ ) killed five. Boston Tea Party ( $1773$ ) led to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts. * First Continental Congress ( $1774$ ): Called to address grievances.

Chapter 7: The American Revolution

Separation: * Declaration of Independence: Drafted by Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin. Adopted July 4, 1776. * Common Sense: Published by Thomas Paine; argued for a republic over monarchy.
War Progress: * Saratoga ( $1777$ ): Turning point that secured a French alliance. General John Burgoyne surrendered to General Horatio Gates. * Yorktown ( $1781$ ): General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington and the French fleet (Comte de Grasse). Ended with the Treaty of Paris ( $1783$ ).

Chapter 9: The Early Republic

Government Formation: * Alexander Hamilton: Proposed a financial program including assumption of state debts ( $25$ million), a national bank (BUS), and a whiskey tax ( $25\%$ ). * Thomas Jefferson: Led the Republicans; favored strict construction of the Constitution and agrarianism.
Jefferson’s Presidency: * Louisiana Purchase ( $1803$ ): Bought from Napoleon for $830,000$ square miles. Explored by Lewis and Clark. * Marbury v. Madison ( $1803$ ): Established judicial review.
War of 1812: * Caused by British impressment and agitation by "War Hawks" like Henry Clay. Ended with the Treaty of Ghent ( $1815$ ).

Chapter 10: The Opening of America

Market Revolution: * Infrastructure: Erie Canal ( $1818$ to $1825$ ) lowered transport costs by $95\%$ . Steamboats and railroads soon dominated. * Industry: Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin ( $1793$ ) increased seed removal ratio to $50:1$ . By $1840$ , the South produced $60\%$ of the world's cotton. * Labor: The Lowell Mills used New England farm daughters as the first industrial workforce.

Chapter 12: The Fires of Perfection (Reform)

Second Great Awakening: Led by Charles Finney and "protracted meetings." Focused on free will and perfectibility.
Women’s Rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention ( $1848$ ). Drafted the "Declaration of Sentiments."
Abolitionism: William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) demanded immediatism. Harriet Tubman led the Underground Railroad.

Chapter 16: Total War and the Republic (Civil War)

Resources: North (Union) had $22$ million people and superior industry; South (Confederacy) had $5.5$ million and cotton dominance.
Strategy: Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan sought to block Confederate resources.
Key Events: * Antietam ( $1862$ ): Bloodiest day. Led to the Emancipation Proclamation. * Gettysburg & Vicksburg ( $1863$ ): Turning points; Lee's retreat and Union control of the Mississippi. * Appomattox ( $1865$ ): Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant.

Chapter 17: Reconstructing the Union

Plans: Lincoln's $10\%$ Plan vs. Congressional Radical Reconstruction.
Amendments: * $13^{th}$ : Abolished slavery. * $14^{th}$ : Granted citizenship and equal protection. * $15^{th}$ : Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race.
Conflict: Andrew Johnson's Impeachment occurred after violating the Tenure of Office Act. Compromise of $1877$ ended Reconstruction, withdrawing federal troops from the South.

Chapter 23: WW I & New World Order

Path to War: Sinking of the Lusitania ( $1915$ ) and the Zimmermann Telegram. The U.S. entered in April 1917.
Homefront: Food Administration led by Herbert Hoover. Espionage and Sedition Acts restricted dissent.
Peace: Wilson’s Fourteen Points included the League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Chapter 25: Depression & New Deal

Great Depression: Triggered by the $1929$ stock market crash. $1\%$ owned $36\%$ of wealth.
FDR's Programs: First 100 Days included the FDIC (banking security) and the CCC (work relief). Second New Deal included the Social Security Act ( $1935$ ) and the Wagner Act (unions).
Dust Bowl: Ecological disaster led to mass migrations ("Okies").

Chapter 32: The Global Community

Recent History: * Clinton: Focused on deficit reduction, NAFTA, and faced impeachment over the Lewinsky scandal. * George W. Bush: Won the contested $2000$ election. Responded to $9/11$ with the War on Terror and the invasion of Iraq. * Obama: Passed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare); oversaw the killing of Bin Laden in $2011$ . * Trump: Campaigned on MAGA and nationalism; emphasized protectionist tariffs and a border wall with Mexico.