Key Concepts on Temperature, Forces, and Energy

Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit:

  • Freezing point: 32°F
  • Boiling point: 212°F
  • Divided into 180 parts.
  • Conversion formula:
    $F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32$

• Celsius (Centigrade):

  • Freezing point: 0°C
  • Boiling point: 100°C
  • Invented in 1742 based on a 100-degree interval.

• Kelvin:

  • Base unit of thermodynamic measurement.
  • Conversion formula:
    $K = °C + 273$

Types of Forces

1. Gravitational Force:
   • Downward force exerted by the earth.
2. Friction:
   • Resists or opposes relative sliding movement.
3. Centripetal Force:
   • Drives an object inward toward a center.
4. Force of Gravity:
   • Acted on an object.
5. Nuclear Force:
   • Strongest known force, holds atomic nuclei together.
6. Electromagnetic Force:
   • Binds electrons to atomic nuclei.

Energy

• Derived from the Greek word "energeia" (meaning in energy).
• Defined as the ability to do work or exert force on an object.

Forms of Energy

• Mechanical Energy:
  • Includes kinetic energy: energy possessed by an object in motion.