Animal Nutrition

Herbivore: eat plants

Carnivore: eat other animals

Omnivore: eat plants and animals

Nutrient: substance in food needed for growth, maintenance, repair

Macronutrients: 3 major nutrients that make up bulk of ingested food (carb, protein, lipid)

Micronutrient: 2 nutrients required but in smaller amounts (vitamins, minerals)

Carbohydrate role: used by cells to make ATP during respiration Ex: glucose

Excess glucose makes: glycogen or fat

Neurons die without: glucose

Lipids role: protection, insulation, fuel storage

Phospholipids: in myelin sheath and cell membranes

Cholesterol: stabilizes membrane

Prostaglandins: smooth muscle contraction, BP control, inflammation

Proteins role: make up building blocks/structural materials, functional molecules

Protein examples as building block: keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle

Protein examples as functional molecule: enzymes and hormones

Essential nutrients: required by cells and must be obtained from diet

Essential Amino Acid: essential nutrient, must get from food in preassembled form, ½ of total amino acids (10/20)

Insufficient amino acids: protein deficiency (malnutrition)

“Complete” proteins: meat, eggs, cheese (all essential AA)

Essential Fatty Acids: certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be in diet, make up lipids, wide range of application in body

Example of Essential Fatty Acid: linoleic and linolenic acid (oils)

Vitamins: organic compound that helps body use nutrients, most are coenzymes and must be ingested, 13 total

Vitamin made in skin, not ingested: D

Vitamin made by intestinal bacteria: B and K

Vitamin converted from Beta-carotene: A

Water soluble Vitamins: B and C

Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K

Antioxidants: neutralize free radicals, Vitamins C, E, A and mineral selenium

Minerals: simple inorganic nutrients, 7 required in moderate: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium (others in trace)

Harden bones: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

Oxygen binding to hemoglobin: iron

Thyroid hormone synthesis: iodine

Major electrolytes in blood: sodium and chlorine

Epidemiology: study of human health/disease

Undernourishment: diet with less chemical energy than needed

Malnourishment: long-term absence of 1+ essential nutrients from diet, deformities, disease, death

Ingestion: act of eating

Suspension feeders: eat food from water (sponge, whale)

Substrate feeders: live in or on food source (caterpillar)

Fluid feeders: suck nutrient rich fluid from host (mosquito)

Bulk feeders: eat large pieces of food (human)

Propulsion: movement of food in GI tract (swallowing and peristalsis)

Peristalsis: propulsion of food with rhythmic contraction and relaxation

Mechanical breakdown/digestion: chewing, food with saliva, food churning in stomach, segmentation

Segmentation: local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices

Chemical digestion: catabolic steps with enzymes breaking down complex food into chemical building blocks

Enzymatic hydrolysis: splitting molecules with addition of water

Absorption: passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph

Defecation: elimination of indigestible substance via anus

Intracellular digestion: food is engulfed by endocytosis and digested in food vacuole

Extracellular digestion: breakdown of food particles outside the cells

Gastrovascular cavity: in simple body animals and does digestion and distribution

Complete Digestive Tract: complex animals with digestive tubs from mouth to anus (alimentary canal, GI tract)

Mammalian accessory glands: salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Sphincters: valves that regulate movement between compartments

First stage of digestion: mechanical in the oral cavity

Second stage of digestion: salivary glands and amylase

Salivary glands: deliver saliva and lubricate food

Amylase: enzyme, initiates breakdown of glucose and starch

Bolus: circle food shaped by tongue

Esophagus: takes food from mouth down to stomach, peristalsis

Stomach: stores food and secretes gastric juice

Gastric juice: made of HCL and pepsin, converts meal to acid chime

Parietal cell: secrete H+ and Cl- separate

Chief cells: secrete inactive pepsinogen

Mucin cells: secrete mucus

Pepsinogen: activated to pepsin when mixed with HCL

Intrinsic factor: secreted by parietal cell for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

To mature red blood cells need: vitamin B12

Pancreas: solution is alkaline and neutralizes acidic chyme

Liver: produces bile

Bile: aids in digestion and absorption of fat, yellow-green alkaline solution with bile salts and bilirubin

Bile salts: cholesterol derivatives

Bilirubin: pigment formed from heme after breakdown of old RBCs

Small intestine: longest section of GI tract, major organ of digestion and absorption

3 parts of small intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Duodenum: acid chyme mixes from stomach with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine

Villi and microvilli: absorb nutrients in the small intestine, line the walls

Hepatic portal vein: delivers nutrient rich blood to the liver and to the heart

Large intestine: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum

Cecum: first part of large intestine. aids in fermentation of plant material

Appendix: lymphoid tissue and bacterial storehouse recolonizing gut when necessary, immunity

Colon oder: Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid

Rectum: feces pass through to anus

Colon function: recover vitamin, water, electrolytes

Bacterial flora: 1000+ bacteria types

Bacterial flora functions: ferments ingestible carbs/mucin, synthesize B complex/vitamin K, suppress pathogenic bacteria

Ruminants: elaborate adaptation for herbivorous diet, 4 compartments instead of 1, cow

Longer cecum: herbivores to digest vegetation

Excess calories are stored as: glycogen in liver/muscles and fat in adipose tissue

Overnourishment: causes obesity, excessive intake of food stored as fat

Obesity causes: diabetes (type II), colon/breast cancer, heart attack, stroke

Leptin: create feeling of being full