hydrology-g1

Page 1: Introduction

Course Information
- Institution: Southern Mindanao Colleges
- Department: College of Engineering
- Course Name: CE 137 Hydrology
- Schedule: TTH 4:00-5:00
- Group Members:
  - Cyrene Adlawan
  - Famela Amarilla
  - Grayhni Fhyl Ando
- Instructor: Engr. Renalou T. Pacillos

What is Hydrology?
- The scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth.
- Examines interaction of water with atmosphere, land, and living organisms.
Branches of Hydrology:
- Surface Hydrology:
  - Focus on water flowing above ground (rivers, lakes, streams).
  - Studies movement, sediment transportation, land interaction.
  - Example: Examining a river's speed and sediment transport.
- Groundwater Hydrology:
  - Focus on water beneath the surface (aquifers, springs).
  - Investigates infiltration, underground flow, and sustainable management.
  - Example: Analyzing water draw from a well.
- Hydrogeology:
  - Studies interaction between groundwater and geological formations.
  - Explores flow, quality of groundwater due to geological influences.
  - Example: Assessing impacts of a dam on groundwater levels.
- Meteorological Hydrology:
  - Analyses precipitation and atmospheric processes in the water cycle.
  - Studies weather’s influence on water availability and evaporation.
  - Example: Evaluating impact of rainfall on river flow.

Water Resources Management:
- Understanding water availability and quality is crucial for resource management.
- Informs planning, allocation, and sustainability of water supplies.
- Example: Addressing a city’s water shortage through conservation measures.
Flood Prediction and Mitigation:
- Hydrological models are vital for flood risk prediction and mitigation.
- Forecasts flood events and identifies vulnerable areas for strategic planning.
- Example: Preparing for potential flooding during storms.
Environmental Sustainability:
- Evaluates water quality and pollution impact amid climate change.
- Promotes strategies for pollution control and sustainable water use.
- Example: Mitigating the effects of industrial pollution on river ecosystems.

Definition:
- Describes continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface.
- Closed system with water changing states (liquid, solid, gas).
Water Storage in the Atmosphere:
- Represents 0.001% of the Earth's total water.
Key Processes:
- Evaporation:
  - Water transitions from liquid to gas, largely from lakes, rivers, and oceans.
- Transpiration:
  - Plants release water vapor through leaves, influenced by leaf characteristics.
- Condensation:
  - Water vapor cools and converts back to liquid in the atmosphere.

Precipitation:
- All forms of water falling to the Earth's surface (snow, rain, sleet, hail) depending on air temperature.
Interception Loss:
- Plants temporarily store water on surfaces, evaporating it as the vegetation dries.
Infiltration:
- Water enters soil through natural pores, influenced by soil structure and activity.
Groundwater Storage:
- Water stored in underground spaces, a significant source due to precipitation.
Groundwater Discharge:
- Exiting groundwater through springs; can be ephemeral or permanent.
Snowmelt Run-off:
- Melting snow contributes to stream flow, notably in spring or warm conditions.
Surface Run-off:
- Rainwater collecting in streams and rivers flows into oceans.
Freshwater Storage:
- 3% of all water on Earth is freshwater, dominated by glaciers and groundwater.
Water Storage:
- Oceans contain 98.5% of Earth's water, playing a key role in storage.
Sublimation:
- Conversion of ice directly to gas (water vapor), bypassing the liquid state.