Key Concepts in Petroleum System and Energy Consumption

Introduction to Petroleum and Energy Consumption

• Energy Sources:
  • Fossil Fuels: 80.6% of global energy
  • Renewables: 16.7%
  • Nuclear: 2.7%
• World Energy Consumption projections from 1990-2035 show continued reliance on petroleum and natural gas.
• Indonesia's Energy Consumption in 2009:
  • Coal: 19%
  • Oil: 32%
  • Gas: 18%
  • Biomass: 27%

What is Petroleum?

• Natural, flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth's surface.
• Composition: Organic compounds of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).

History of Petroleum Discoveries

• Key events:
  • 4000 B.G. (Before Present): Natural seeps used historically (e.g., Euphrates, Egypt).
  • 1859: First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania, USA.
  • 1957: National oil company established in Indonesia.

Petroleum System Components

• Elements:
  • Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock, Trap.
• Processes:
  • Generation, Migration, Accumulation, Preservation.

Characteristics of Source Rocks

• Definition: Organic-rich sedimentary rocks capable of generating hydrocarbons.
• Common types include shale, marl, and carbonate rocks.
• Effective source rocks contain at least 0.5% total organic carbon (TOC).

Reservoir Rocks

• Definition: Rocks with sufficient porosity and permeability to store hydrocarbons.
• Common types: Sandstone, Limestone.
• Porosity: Space to store fluids.
• Permeability: Ability to transmit fluids.

Traps in Petroleum Systems

• Definition: Geological features that confine hydrocarbons (requires reservoir and seal).
• Types:
  • Structural (anticline, fault traps)
  • Stratigraphic (sand body lenses, reefs).

Migration of Hydrocarbons

• Primary Migration: Movement of hydrocarbons from source rock to reservoir.
• Secondary Migration: Further movement within the reservoir.
• Timing: Critical for accumulation in traps, must coincide with trap formation.