Symbioses other than zooxanthellae

prokaryotes likely play an important role in the coral holobiont

prokaryotes and algae form important symbioses with sponges

vertical transmission of prokaryotic symbionts would imply

• acquisition from parents

mode of sponge symbiont acquisition are likely similar to coral-zooxanthellae

some bacteria are detrimental to sponges and coral

there are numerous macro-symbioses on reefs

• pearlfish and sea cucumbers

• obligate symbiosis of gobies and coral

  • gobies as cleaners

• cleaner shrimp

• many pelagic species return to reefs for cleaning

• fish-anemone symbioses