People

  1. Duke of Bohemia “Wenceslas” “Václav” → convert to christianity from paganism

  2. Magyar St. Stephan (1000) → important saint/king of hungary

  3. Rudolph I (1218-1291) → hapsburg + german king, put capital in vienna, won battle of marchfeld plane against Czechs

  4. Charlemagne (král) → put tg holy roman empire, crowned holy roman emperor by pope christmas day 800, goes to war every year; people are afraid of him

  5. King Otakar I (1155-1230) → first king of the Premyslid dynasty

  6. King Otakar II (d.1278) → king of bohemia, expanded Bohemia’s power and territory, controlling lands from the Adriatic to the Baltic. Killed in battle of Marchfeld plane fighting against hapsburgs

  7. Charles IV (1346-1378) → king of bohemia, germany and holy roman emperor, moved the capital to prague, stabilized the holy roman empire, started idea of elected rule for his kingdom, 7 electors bohemia = most important one

  8. Vladislav II (1471-1516) → king of hungary and Czechs, set stage for battle of Mohacs, kept peace after hussite era, weakened the monarchy gave too much to nobels

  9. Ludvig (1516-1526) → son of vladislav, czech nobility tend to elect as kings father and son, breif and weak reign died at Mohacs, opened door for hapsburgs to dominate bohemia and hungary

  10. Jiří Z Poděbrad (1458-1471) → Czechs consider him the only indigeonous king since he was czech

  11. Ferdinand I (r. 1526-1564) → Charles v’s brother, king of bohemia, hungary and holy roman emperor, secured hapsburg rule in central europe, negotiates peace of Augsburg and deffended against ottomans, “austrian hapsburg”, got control through marriges, lay foundation for vienna as capital

  12. Maximillian II (1564-1576) → a tolerant hapsburg, tried to ease catholic-protestant tensions, gave protestants more breathing room in bohemia and austria, kept the empire relatively stable, though ottoman threat and religious devision persisted

  13. Rudolph II (1576-1611) → Maximilians son, has castle in prague, has war with his brother, signes letter of majestry (establishes bohemian confession, includes calvinism, lutherans and utraquists), granted protestants in bohemia religious freedom, made prague flurish, less religiously tolerant that his father (Maximillian II)

  14. Mathias (1611-1619) → Brother of rudolph II, pushed back against protestant rights, sparked defenestration of prague, begins 30 yr war +had a political power strugle w his brother Rudolph II

  15. Ferdinand II (1619, 1620-1637) → Archduke of styria, king of bohemia and holy roman emperor, attempted to restrict protestant religeous freedome, won battle of white mountain

  16. Benedict Anderson → Imagined communities, 1983; Nations are “imagined communities” because members will meet everyone yet they feel connected

  17. Tomáš Masarky → 1925; World revolution in and after the war, “not having our own state, we organized nationally and placed nation above and before the state”.

  18. Hannah Arendt → 1951, the origins of totalitarianism; “the nation had conquored the state, national intrest had priority over law”.

  19. Voytěch Suk (1874-1967) → prague intelectual, spoke czech and german, linked being Jewish with not being Czech enough (antisemetic time period)

  20. Aleš Hrdlička (1869-1943) + Jimdřich Matiegka (1862-1941) →promoted anthropological “racial” categories that reinforced ideas of “germanization”.

  21. John Wyclif (1369-1415) →critisized the church’s wealth and papal authority + influnced Jan hus, translated parts of the Bible to English, taught that the Bible not the pope was the true authority

  22. Jan Hus (c. 1369-1415) → was a Czech priest got assasinated + preached in the bethelham chaple in Czech, went against the catholic church, banned from preaching got to be rector at charles university

  23. Václav IV/ Wenseslas IV (r. 1378-1419) → king of bohemia and germany, weak ruler and suported Jan Hus at first

  24. Sigismund of luxembourg (1368-1437) → Brother of Václav, king of hungary, bohemia and holy roman emperor, betrwayed Jan Hus and fought unsucesfully at first against Hussites

  25. Jan želivský → A radical Hussite priest in Prague, helped lead the first defenestration of prague

  26. Jan žižka → general who led the utraquists during the crusades, very good general, wiped out the idea of need for priests/church

  27. David zdeněk →compared utraquists to church of england, seeing both as “middle way” churches not fully Catholic, not fully Protestant.

  28. Joseph Macek → wrote book about the Jaggelion period

  29. Jan Rokycana (1396 -1417) → bishop who converted to utraquism, punishment = no bishop in prague, shortage of priests

  30. Augustni Luciani → italian humanist and papal legate sent to bohemia by pope(1477), represented the catholic churches attempt to solve the bohemian question peacfuly rather than through crusades

  31. Filip de Nova Villa (d.1507) → “Bishop of bohemia”, no act bishop of bohemia at the time but could adorn priests in Bohemia and made a lot of money + fixed priest issue

  32. Martin Luthor (1483-1546) → “salvation is from faith alone”, translated entire bible to german, jokingly orders popes books to be burned, was a monk, said priest not needed for sacral power, did not attack the sacred system only the church monopoly

  33. Fredrick III (1463-1525) → Duke and elector of saxony, one of the seven electors of holy roman empire, protected martin luthor during the early protestant reformation

  34. Suleyman the magnificent (1520-1566) → powerful ottoman ruler, victory at battle of Mohacs destroyed the Jagellions, split Hungary, paved the way for centuries of hapsburg- ottoman rivalry in central europe.

  35. Charles I of Spain (1516) → had almost every title imaginable, most powerful monarch of the 16th century, empire where the sun never set

  36. Philip II (1556-1598) → son of Charles I, spanish hapsburg, defended catholisism + his reign marked a spilt between spanish and austrian hapsburgs

  37. Zdeněk Voytěch Popel Z Lobkovic (1568-1628) → powerful catholic nobel, loyal to ferdinand II, rewerded w confiscated protestand estates after battle of white mountain. Became chancelour of Bohemia, led efforts to re-catholosize and consolidate hapsburg power. His rise shows how the catholic nobility replaced protestant leadership.

  38. Jan Lohelius → strong suporter of the counter reformation; hrob incident where protestants try to build chuch he opposes this and results in violence

  39. Abbot Wolfgang Selender → in Bronmov tried to prevent local protestants from builidng and using churchs

  40. Vilém Slavata z Chlumu a Košumberka (1522-1652) → a catholic royal governour of Bohemia who was thrown out of the Prague castle window during the defenestration of Prague, sparking the 30 yr war + bohemian revolt

  41. Jaroslav Bořita Z martinie (1582-1649) → catholic royal governor of Bohemia, loyal to the Hapsburg, was defenestrated during Prague defenestrations

  42. Fredrick V (1596-1632) “Winter King” → Czech estates + parliament are in rebellion against their king, didn’t say no king just new king, elected him, he is German and didn’t last long as a ruler

  43. Maximillian of Bavaria (1573-1651) → Duke of Bavaria and leader of the catholic league. He recruited Nobels by promising them rewards if they fought for the catholic cause. Crushed the bohemian protests at the battle of white mountain helping secure Hapsburg control

  44. King Christian IV (r. 1588-1648) → Protestant king of Denmark who entered the 30 yr war to support German Protestants and protect his influence in northern Germany. Was defeated by catholic general wallenstain, forcing Denmark to withdraw.

  45. Albrecht von wallensetien (1583-1634) → bohemian nobel and military commander, supreme commander of the imperial (Hapsburg) forces during 30 yr war, won key victories, very powerful, assasintated by Hapsburg

  46. Gustavo’s Adoplpus (1594-1632) → king of Sweden and brilliant military leader, “lion of the north”, defended Protestants and expanded Swedish influence, modernized military tactics w mobile artillery and disciplined artillery, wining key victories killed at battle of lützen

  47. Antonín Bras of Mohelnice → Bishop of Prague (1561), first archbishop of Prague, symbolized the catholic counter reformation

  48. Ignatus Loyola (1491 - 1556) → spiritual exercise, society of Jesus (jesuits), jesuits help Hapsburg bring back Catholicism, people send their kids to Jesuit colleges

  49. Vilém of Roźmberk (1535-1592) → high nobel of Bohemia, head of the Rosenberg family, lord of creaky krumlov, one of the richest men in the Czech lands, tolerant pragmatic ruler, supported the Catholic Church and served as high burgrave of Prague

  50. Jiří Popel of Lobkowicz → powerful Czech nobel, was originally a strong catholic and supporter of the Hapsburg family but later fell out w emperor Rudolph II and was imprisoned.

  51. John Dee (1527-1609) → claimed to be able to see and speak to angels, was very well educated

  52. Edward Keller → Syrer who worked for john Dee, decoding angel language

  53. Leo x “Giovani Di Lorenzo de’medici” (1513-1521) → criticized bc rich and had a big estates, popes were supposed to be like Jesus instead were rich and corrupt

  54. Johann Gottfied Herder (1744-1803) → Volksgeist (spirit), Volksseele (soul), soul inherits the language that bonds people to this deep identity, people united mystically by language, language is the soul of the people; nation has a soul

  55. Josef Dobrovský (1753 - 1829) → father of Slavic philosophy, gave Czechs scholarly legitimacy of their language

  56. Josef Jungmann (1773-1847) → started writing in Czech, to give Czechs all the words others have

  57. Kavel Havlíček (1821-1856) → father of Czech journalism, took nationalism from a cultural movement to a political cause

  58. František Palaký (1798-1876) → a Czech historian and politician known as the “father of the nation”. His work emphasized Czech history and identity, shaping the national revival in the 19th century

  59. Joseph II → Royal Bohemian society, emperor encouraging enlightenment reforms and supported the royal bohemian society, which promoted science and education in bohemian. His policies modernized parts of the Hapsburg monarchy but also caused resistance when they conflicted with tradition

  60. Leopold II (1790- 1792) → briefly reigned after Joseph II, was more cautious w reforms, sough to stabilize the monarchy and maintain order in a time of rising unrest in Europe

  61. Francis I (1792-1835) → ruled during the napoleonic wars and resisted liberal reforms. His reign emphasized censorship and control, and Czech culture revival began under his rule

  62. Charles Darwin → Biological way of understanding people; people should be divided by nation, people w certaint blood belong on certaint soil

  63. Guisepe Mazzini (1805 -1872) → Italian nationalist in Rome, failed, young Italy political movement + oath of young Italy

  64. King Victor Emmanuel II (1861- 1878) →the first king of united italy after the risorgiments. Though not as radical as Mazzini, he worked with statesmen count Carrar and military leader garbaldi to bring about Italian unification under a constitutional monarchy

  65. Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) → arrested and exhiled to his own island, in 1848 revolution made up his own uniform and conquered southern Italy, attack sissily, stole a yacht, stole weapons, formed United Kingdom of Italy.

  66. Fredrick William I (1795-1861) → king of Prussia, says no to being king of Germany, “today we are carrying old Prussia to its grave”, unification of the German empire, had to kill old world franko-Prussia for new world

  67. Theodore Herzl (1860-1904) → Jews are united by identity not just by Hebrew language, organized first Zionist congress in (1897) and wrote The Jewish state (1896); Jews need independent home land to escape antisemitism

  68. Emperor Ferdinand I (1793-1875) → Emperor of Vienna, 1848; abolished surfdome in constitution, civil rights +civil equality +parliment

  69. Emperor Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) → confirmed the abolition of serfdom and declared equality of all citizens before the law, with civic equality established in 1867. However, he restricted freedoms by disbanding parliament, using secret police, limiting free speech, and keeping schools in German.

  70. Karl Emil Franzos (1848-1904) → “Germannesse”, language is used to help us understand one another, not take away from nationality

  71. Alexander von Bach (1813-1893) → minister of justice and the interior, known for Bachs absolutism, centralized state control after the 1848 revolutions, reduced local autonomy, and strengthened bureaucracy

  72. Prime minister count Casmir badeni (1846-1909) → Austria issues the badeni language ordinances (1897); required Czech and German to be used equally in bohemian administration, aimed to give Czechs more rights but sparked fierce backlash from German speaking Austrians