a mid tudor crisis by jennifer loach
A Mid-Tudor Crisis?
Examination of the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I, arguing against the traditional assessment of this period as a crisis.
Historical Context
19th-century historians focused on conflicts, contrasting reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I with the less interesting reigns of Edward VI and Mary I.
They viewed Edward's reign as lost opportunities for Protestantism, and Mary's as a failed attempt to restore Catholicism.
John Foxe’s writings influenced perceptions of the period, portraying England's Protestant future unfavorably under Edward and Mary.
Revisionist Perspectives
Recent scholarship since the 1970s has challenged the idea of a 'Mid-Tudor Crisis' by emphasizing continuity in governance and administration before and after this period.
New interpretations suggest that problems were not as dire as previously thought, focusing on the complexity of government stability amid perceived crises.
Economic Troubles
English economy experienced inflation, unemployment, and religious polarization during this period. Reports indicate a strain on both the government and populace due to continuous warfare and financial mismanagement of the crown.
The reliance on debasement of the currency increased financial instability, pushing the populace towards unrest.
Foreign Relations
Hostility towards France characterized much of the mid-Tudor period; military engagements drained resources and catalyzed financial crises for the English crown.
Alliances with the Habsburgs due to fears of French expansion, especially following James V’s death.
The Dukes of Somerset and Northumberland
Edward Seymour (Duke of Somerset) and John Dudley (Duke of Northumberland) represent contrasting portrayals in history: Somerset viewed as pious and well-meaning, while Northumberland characterized as ambitious and ruthless.
Recent evaluations suggest both figures were primarily concerned with personal power and maintaining control rather than fully addressing society's needs.
The Risings of 1549
A series of popular revolts, including Kett's and the Western Rising, were rooted in economic grievances but also reflected discontent with religious reform.
Many rebels were not traditional peasants; they included prosperous tenant farmers and urban artisans expressing concerns over governance, economic hardship, and religious practices.
Coups and Commissions (1549-1553)
The implications of the 1549 coups reveal the complexity of political motivations beyond mere class conflict; political maneuvering often masked underlying social tensions.
Somerset’s failure was attributed to mishandling these popular revolts and subsequent political isolation.
Northumberland's ascension initiated a period of systemic reform and centralized governance, highlighting a shift in administrative power.
Edwardian Protestantism: Success or Failure?
The Protestant reforms under Edward VI were rapid and often met with uneven acceptance among local clergy and parishioners; commitment varied regionally.
Historians debate the depth of Protestant establishment, with some arguing it laid roots for enduring change while others believe it faced a backlash leading to Mary's Catholic re-establishment.
Mary and the Catholic Restoration
Mary I’s attempts to restore Catholicism showcased continuity in governance with reactions to Protestant reforms reflecting widespread popular resistance.
Mary’s collaborations with foreign powers, especially Spain, and her marriage to Philip II raised fears of foreign domination, ultimately leading to political instability and dissent.
Conclusion
The mid-Tudor period was arguably marked by more complex continuity rather than outright crisis; economic and social tensions shaped the political landscape significantly.
An analysis reveals that challenges were primarily rooted in demographic, economic crises, and ideological clashes rather than a straightforward narrative of noble ambition and conflict.