English

  EXAM REVIEW 


Unit 1  Stereotypes & Stories: 

What is a stereotype? A fixed general image or setup of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing.

What is prejudice? A favoring or disliking of someone, group,race, without a good reason 

Indigenous: Original peoples of canada. Means native to the “area”

Aboriginal: A collective name for all the original people of Canada and their descendants. Similar to the term Indigenous, it just seemed more old fashioned. 

Indian: A person of Indian descent 

First Nation: Subset of indigenous. It's not a substitute for indigenous because it does not include metis/or inuit. It can be used to refer to groups of people/ or tribes.

Métis: - French for mixed blood. Metis is a mix of indigenous/ european 

Inuit: “the people” `

  • inuk= 1 person 

  • inuuk= 2 people

  • Inuit = 3+ people 


Unit 2  Rhetoricl 

Connotation: A word that invokes a feeling 

Meliorative: Means positive connotation 

Pejorative: Means negative connotation 

Denotation: Refers to the literal meaning of a word

Diction: A use of words/ choice of words an author uses to impact their tone in writing 


Unit 3: Poetry

  • Figurative language (how to apply it)  

  • Positive and negative connotation/ denotation 


  • Know the figurative language definitions

  • Allusion: makes a brief indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or an idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. 

  • Anaphora: deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

  • Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words

  • Alliteration: the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words

  • Euphemism: A polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear

  • Hyperbole: Extreme exaggeration used to make a point





  • Irony

  • Situational Irony: when there is a contrast between the result of a situation and what was intended or usually expected

  • Verbal Irony: When what is said is actually the opposite of what is really meant

  • Dramatic Irony: When the audience or reader knows more than the character in a work of literature

  • Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two unlike things         that actually have something important in common

  • Onomatopoeia: the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions to which they refer

  • Oxymoron: apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction. (the incongruity may be accidental or deliberate; as in the case of humor)

  • Paradox: Seemingly contradictory statement, which actually makes sense or contains some truth.

  • Personification: a thing, idea or animal is given human characteristics. Whatever is being personified is portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.

  • Puns: A play on words; a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings

  • Simile: a comparison is made between two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’

  • Synecdoche: a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part

  • Juxtaposition: the act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side often to compare or contrast or to create an interesting effect

  • Metonymy: refers to a figure of speech in which the word for one thing is used to refer to something related to that thing.

  • Anthropomorphism: an interpretation of what is not human or personal in  terms of human or personal characteristics (humanization)



  • Structure of a poem ( the person or thing (for example a tree, idea, or emotion) to whom the voice in the poem is speaking.)

  • Addressee: person or a thing to whom the voice in the poem is speaking.

  • Speaker: the person “speaking” or writing the words of the poem, not the author of the poem, unless the conditions of the poem make the connection between the speaker and the author unambiguous. 

  • Stanza: Several lines in the poem that are grouped together, with a blank space above and below. 

  • End-stop: A line of poetry that comes to a natural stop at its end, as a result of its punctuation or the completion of a thou+ght. 

  • Enjambment: A line of poetry that runs on to the next line without being end-stopped by punctuation. 




Unit 4: Essay writing


  • ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

  • Have a strong thesis, and line of approach that is short and straight to the point of your essay

  • Make a theme statement on your perspective of course as a whole 

  • Topic examples (Generational trauma, cultural identity,systemic racism, stereotypes, cultural identity, self governance)

  • Have formal writing and try to write in the present tense 

  • MLA format and make it double spaced

  • Introductory paragraph of 3-5 sentences

  • Two body paragraphs explaining how the thesis of your argumentative is proven in the story

  • A concluding paragraph that reiterates the thesis/line of approach and supports their position



Unit 5: Novel Study - Motorcycles & Sweetgrass - Tutorial


6 KEY ELEMENTS OF FICTION

Plot Structure - key points of a story to help move the story along


Plot:

Definition:

Example: Eloise

Exposition

An introduction to the setting or character

Inciting Incident

Something that happens that sparks the main conflict in the narrative

Rising Action

A series of events that heighten suspense, interest, or tension

Climax

The tension at its highest point. There is often a crisis in the conflict or for the main character

Falling Action

The tension stemming from  the story’s central conflict decreases and the story moves towards its conclusion

Denouement

The resolution of the story. Complications of the plot is resolved


Setting - When or where a story takes place


Point of View - Who is telling the story and how?

  • First Person Central: speaker is the main character experiencing main conflict

  • First Person Peripheral: speaker is a secondary character watching main conflict from outside

  • Second Person: speaker addresses the addressee directly, involving them in the story. Ex. “You walk to the bus stop/ clinging to your lollipop”

  • Third Person Limited: speaker is outside the story but has insight into the perspective of a singular character

  • Third Person Omniscient: speaker is outside the story and can hear, see, and perceive everything

Conflict - The problem that drives the story forward

  • Character vs. Self (Internal)

  • Character vs. Character (External)

  • Character vs. Nature (External)

  • Character vs. Society (External)


Character - 

Theme - 

How this can be applied^^





Unit 6


Short Narrative the four stories


1. Eloise: 


2. Lucy: The story is about a girl named Lucy, a young indigenous woman who is forced to attend a residential school, where she experiences trauma and abuse. As Lucy grows older, she must confront the painful memories of her past and find her way to heal and reclaim her identity. 


3: Don’t pass me by: This story is about a teenager named Kirk that has challenges of growing up in a white community while struggling with his Native American heritage. He faces discrimination, stereotypes, and the pressure to conform to society expectations. However, Kirk’s passion for music becomes his refuge.


4: Dancer: The story is about a girl named Clarissa who navigates the challenges of pursuing her passion for dance. Clarissa was set against the backdrop of a prestigious dance academy, and she showed intense competition, and personal sacrifices that dancers often face in their work of excellence. 



Addressee- to whom something is addressed to

End stop- end of a text or .

Metaphor- a figure of speech that describes something that isn't literally true

Personification- giving human characteristics to nonhuman things

Synecdoche- when a part of something is used to describe it as a whole 

Alliteration- the repetition of a consonant sound

Enjambment- the continuation of a phrase or clause past a line break

Motif- a distinctive feature or dominant idea in literature

Pun- a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or when words sound alike

Theme- the subject of a piece of writing

Allusion- reference to another text

Euphemism- mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one that is too harsh to be used

Onomatopoeia- sound word

Register- formal or informal writing

Title- title

Diction- choice of words

Irony- the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite  

Paradox-two contradictory words 

Oxymoron- one word that contradicts with itself

Speaker- the person speaking or writing

Tone- the general character or attitude of a text

Anaphora- repetition of a word to give meaning