Unit 5- Progressivism and Expansionism Study Materials

Test Format

  • Multiple Choice Questions: 25-30 questions
  • Short Essay Question: 1 question worth 10 points
  • Time Allocation: 35 minutes for multiple choice, 15 minutes for essay.

Unit 5 - Chapter 16 Overview

  • Sections Covered:
    • Progressivism (Chapter 16, Section 1 and Section 2)
    • Expansionism (Chapter 16, Section 3)

Key Concepts in Progressivism

  • Urbanization:

    • Major societal shift resulting in the growth of cities
    • Associated living conditions and challenges.

  • Tenements/Row Houses:

    • Overcrowded urban housing designed for low-income residents
    • Often characterized by inadequate facilities and poor living conditions.

  • Settlement Houses:

    • Community centers providing social services and education for immigrants
    • Aimed at easing the transition into American life.

  • Social Gospel Movement:

    • Religious movement emphasizing the need for social justice
    • Advocated for reforms to address the problems caused by urbanization.

  • Americanization Movement:

    • Focus on assimilating immigrants into American culture
    • Included education in English and American customs.

  • Upton Sinclair:

    • Author of "The Jungle," which exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry
    • Sparked the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.

  • Progressive Social Darwinism:

    • Application of Darwin's theories to social issues
    • Justified class differences and imperialism by claiming survival of the fittest.

  • Muckrakers:

    • Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 20th century
    • Examples include Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell.

  • Legislative Reforms:

    • Meat Inspection Act: Established sanitary standards for meatpacking
    • Pure Food and Drug Act: Regulated food and pharmaceutical industries

Living and Working Conditions

  • Urban Living Conditions:

    • Describe the overcrowded tenements and row houses
    • Discuss the lack of sanitation, clean water, and waste management.

  • Working Conditions:

    • Explore labor exploitation, long hours, and unsafe environments
    • Discuss events leading to labor reforms (e.g., strikes, protests).

Child Labor Reform

  • Reforms in Child Labor:
    • Address the impact of child labor during the turn of the century
    • Explain laws enacted to limit child labor.

Food Regulation

  • Need for Food Regulation:
    • Reasons behind the enactment of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
    • Discuss public health concerns and consumer protection.

Expansionism Overview

  • Impact of Social Darwinism:

    • How Social Darwinism influenced the U.S.'s imperialistic actions
    • Connection to the belief in American superiority and entitlement to expansion.

  • E.M.P.I.R.E. Acronym:

    • Understand the motivations for U.S. territorial acquisitions (Economic, Military, Political, Ideological, Religious, Exploratory).

Monroe Doctrine

  • Monroe Doctrine:
    • Declared opposition to European colonization in the Americas
    • Established a U.S. sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere.

Essential Figures and Events in Expansionism

  • Sanford B. Dole:

    • Key figure in the annexation of Hawaii and its subsequent statehood.

  • Queen Liliuokalani:

    • Last reigning monarch of Hawaii before U.S. annexation.

  • Bayonet Constitution:

    • Forced constitution limiting the power of the Hawaiian monarchy.

  • John Hay:

    • Secretary of State who advocated for the Open Door Policy.

  • Open Door Notes:

    • Policy aimed at ensuring equal trade opportunities in China.

  • Boxer Rebellion:

    • Anti-foreign uprising in China in response to foreign influence; led to increased U.S. military presence.

  • Emilio Aguinaldo:

    • Filipino nationalist whose efforts fought against U.S. colonial rule.

  • Foraker Act:

    • Established civilian government in Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War.

  • Panama Canal:

    • Strategic waterway built to improve naval and commercial shipping routes; represented a significant engineering achievement.

  • Roosevelt Corollary:

    • Addendum to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting U.S. rights to intervene in Latin America.

  • Yellow Journalism:

    • Sensationalist newspaper reporting used to provoke public support for the Spanish-American War.

  • U.S.S. Maine:

    • American battleship whose sinking precipitated the Spanish-American War.

  • Spanish-American War:

    • 1898 conflict resulting in U.S. territorial gains, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

  • Rough Riders:

    • Volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, recognized for their charge up San Juan Hill.

  • Treaty of Paris (1898):

    • Ended the Spanish-American War, ceding territories to the U.S. and establishing American colonial governance over these regions.

Questions to Consider

  • How did the United States acquire Hawaii as a territory and eventually a state?
  • What were the United States' motivations for taking up the mantle of Imperialism?
  • How did the U.S. acquire Alaska?
  • What were the reasons for the United States declaring war on Spain?
  • What advantages did the United States have in the Spanish-American War?
  • What convinced Americans to go to war with the Spanish?
  • How did the United States deal with Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?
  • Why did many Americans believe that colonies were necessary for the economy?
  • Why were some notable American figures against Imperialism?
  • Why did the U.S. acquire Guam?
  • Why did the U.S. want to build the Panama Canal?
  • What does "walk softly and carry a big stick" mean?
  • What did the Roosevelt Corollary add that changed U.S. foreign policy?