General Concepts

anatomy = structure, physiology = function

levels of organization from simplest to most complex

• molecule

• cell

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organism

Anatomical Directions (see textbook Table 1.1)

superior v. inferior

• Above v Below

anterior v. posterior

• Front v back

medial v. lateral

• Closer to midline v farther from midline

proximal v. distal

• Closer to point of attachment (trunk) v farther from point of attachment (trunk)

Anatomical Planes

sagittal (or longitudinal)

• slicing body vertically separating it from left and right

frontal (or coronal)

• slicing body from front and back

transverse

• slicing body horizontally separating it from top and bottom

Homeostasis

general definition

• The process of maintaining balance in the both in a changing environment

receptor

• receives info from environment

effector

• responds to commands from control center/enacts change

control center

• processes info

Nervous System

Functions and Classifications

sensory v. motor

• Sensory bring signals in CNS

• Motor bring signals out CNS

CNS v. PNS

• CNS= Control center

• PNS= communication line

somatic v. autonomic

Somatic=voluntary

Autonomic=involuntary

parasympathetic v. sympathetic

• Parasympathetic=relaxed

• Sympathetic=fight or flight response

afferent v. efferent

(mnemonic: afferent ARRIVES in brain, efferent EXITS)

Neuron Structure and Function

locate on a neuron diagram and know the function of the following

dendrite

• Receives signals

cell body

• nucleus

axon

• sends signals away

node of Ranvier

• speeds up axons, has lil gaps

Schwann cell

• makes myelin in PNS

axon terminal

• Releases neurotransmitters

myelin sheath

• a layer around Schawan

Action Potential

• purpose of the action potential is to conduct nerve impulses and send information

• neuron starts positive on outside, negative on inside

• sodium (Na+) rushes into neuron, depolarizing the interior, changing to positive charge inside

• action potential moves down the neuron as more ion channels open and let sodium in

• after action potential passes, cell resets to resting potential

or

• Threshold

• depolarization

• re-polarization

• hyper polarization

• resting phase

• 

Synapses

general function - chemically link one neuron to another, or to a muscle

• neurotransmitter - chemical messenger released by axon into synaptic cleft

• ion channel - flow regulation

• synaptic cleft - space in between two neurons

Brain Structure and Function

general locations and functions (see text Table 7.1)

• cerebral cortex - control voluntary skeletal muscle, intellectual and emotional processing

• thalamus - relays impulses to cerebral cortex

• hypothalamus - regulation of autonomic nervous functions, regulates temp, water balance, food

• limbic system - mediates emotional response

• medulla oblongata - relays sensory input, controls HR, respiratory rate

• cerebellum - smooths skeletal muscle movements, regulates balance and posture

• 
  

Protection of CNS

three layers of meninges

• Outside to inside: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• Cushions the CNS from shock, provides nutrients, and removes waste.

Brain and Spinal Cord Dysfunction

concussion

• A mild traumatic brain injury that affects brain function. Effects are often short term and can include headaches and trouble with concentration, memory, balance, mood and sleep.

stroke (CVA)

• something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Parts of the brain become damaged or die.

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

• Caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. A TIA usually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause long-term damage.

Muscular System

General Functions

• movement

• maintain posture

• stabilizing joints

• generating heat

• control/regulation

Muscle Types

Muscle Movements

origin

• The point where a muscle starts and stays still during movement

insertion

• The point where a muscle ends and moves towards the origin during movement

Flexion

• Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two body parts

extension

• Straightening a joint to increase the angle between two body parts

abduction

• Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

adduction

• Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
  
  

Muscle Interactions

agonist (prime mover)

• The main muscle responsible for a movement

antagonist

• The muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

  
  

Sliding Filament Model - model of muscle contraction

• calcium - activates binding sites on actin filament

• myosin - protein with head that attaches to actin and performs power stroke (thick filament)

• actin - protein that myosin head pulls in power stroke, causing muscle to shorten (thin filament)

• sarcomere - basic unit of muscle contraction, shortens as actin filaments are pulled toward center

Muscle Use and Exercise

ATP Generation Methods

• isometric - muscle tenses up but does not change length (ex. plank)

• isotonic -  muscle changes length (ex. push ups)

Gross Anatomy - location and type of movement associated with each

head and neck

masseter-Closing the jaw

trapezius-Shoulder elevation (shrugging), scapular retraction (pulling the shoulder blades together)

chest, shoulder and arm

deltroid-Shoulder abduction (raising the arm away from the body), flexion, and extension

pectoralis major-Shoulder flexion, adduction (bringing the arm across the chest), and medial rotation

biceps brachii-Elbow flexion (bending the arm)

triceps brachii-Elbow extension (straightening the arm)

latissimus dorsi-houlder adduction (bringing the arm down and towards the body), extension, and medial rotation

abdomen

rectus abdominis-Trunk flexion (bending forward)

external oblique-Trunk flexion, lateral trunk flexion (side bending), and trunk rotation

pelvis, hip and thigh

gluteus maximus-Hip extension (straightening the hip), hip abduction (moving the leg away from the midline)

biceps femoris-Hip extension, knee flexion (bending the knee)

rectus femoris-Knee extension (straightening the knee), hip flexion

lower leg

gastrocnemius-Plantar flexion (pointing the foot downward), knee flexion

soleus-Plantar flexion of the foot, stabilizing the ankle joint’

Cardiovascular System

Introduction

basic functions of the cardiovascular system

• Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body, help regulate temperature and pH, support the immune system, and maintain fluid balance.

Heart Anatomy

heart location within the chest

• Center slightly to the left

Pericardium

• The pericardium is a protective sac around the heart.

Chambers and Great Vessels

atria v. ventricles

• Atria are smaller, upper chambers that receive blood 

• Ventricles are larger, lower chambers that pump blood out.

pulmonary v. systemic circulation

• Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation 

• Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body. 

• The right side of the heart drives pulmonary circulation 

• The left side drives systemic circulation.

path of blood thru heart and lungs

• Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation, returning to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and finally to the body.

Heart Valves

total number and names of valves

• There are four valves in the heart: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve (bicuspid), and aortic valve.

function of AV valves

• AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. They are open during heart relaxation (diastole) and closed during ventricular contraction (systole).

function of semilunar valves

• Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction. They are closed during diastole and open during ventricular contraction (systole).

Physiology of the Heart

function of the sinoatrial (SA) node

• The SA node initiates the heartbeat and is located in the right atrium.

function of the atrioventricular (AV) node

• The AV node delays the electrical impulse to allow atria to contract before ventricles and is located in the lower part of the right atrium.

function of the atrioventricular (AV) bundle

• The AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles and is located in the interventricular septum.

function of Purkinje fibers

• Purkinje fibers distribute the impulse throughout the ventricles and are located in the walls of the ventricles.

systole v. diastole

• Systole is the contraction phase, diastole is the relaxation phase.

Blood Vessels

arteries v. veins - number of layers, presence of valves, mass of muscle tissue, direction of flow

• Three layers in arteries and veins

• Arteries have teacher muscle tissue than veins

• Artiers flow blood away from heart

• Veins flow blodd towards the heart

Physiology of Circulation

systolic pressure v. diastolic pressure

• Systolic pressure is the pressure during ventricular contraction

• Diastolic pressure is the pressure during ventricular relaxation.

vasoconstriction v. vasodilation

• Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

• Vasodilation widens blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.

things that increase/decrease BP

• Factors like stress, obesity, and high salt intake can increase blood pressure.

• Factors like dehydration, bleeding, and shock can decrease blood pressure.

Homeostatic Imbalances (describe/define each)

myocardial infarction

• Death of heart muscle due to blocked blood flow.

fibrillation

• Abnormal heart rhythm causing rapid, irregular contractions.

tachycardia

• Abnormally fast heart rate.

bradycardia

• Abnormally slow heart rate.

hypertension

• High blood pressure.

Hypotension

• Low blood pressure.