DNA Technology notes

DNA Technology Overview

  • Genome: Complete set of DNA in an organism.

  • Genomics: Study of genome structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing.

Key Concepts and Techniques

  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Quick amplification of DNA segments through a three-step cycle (denaturation, annealing, extension). Uses Taq polymerase.

    • Denaturation: Heat to 95ºC to separate DNA strands.

    • Annealing: Cool to 50ºC for primers to attach.

    • Extension: Warm to 75ºC for DNA synthesis.

  • Gel Electrophoresis: Technique to separate DNA fragments by size.

  • DNA Sequencing: Determination of nucleotide sequences using fluorescent dyes for identification.

  • Cloning: Creating identical copies of cells, tissues, or organisms.

  • Genome Editing: Techniques to modify genomes, notably using CRISPR (Cas9 enzyme and guide RNA).

Applications of DNA Technology

  • Genetic Testing: Identify genotypes and genetic abnormalities (e.g., BRCA2 gene).

  • DNA Fingerprinting: Used to identify individuals and track pathogens through unique DNA profiles

    • Focus on short tandem repeats (STRs) to distinguish between individuals.

  • Genetic Ancestry: Analysis revealing population connections and heritage.

  • Transgenic Organisms: Organisms modified to include foreign DNA; includes GM crops and designer pets (e.g., GloFish).