Comprehensive Study Notes on Bryopsida, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms

What are plants in Class Bryopsida commonly referred to as?

• Mosses

1. Which stage is dominant in the life cycle of Bryopsida?

   • Gametophyte stage

2. What is the juvenile stage of the gametophyte called in mosses?

   • Protonema

3. What are the two types of sex organs in mosses?

   • Antheridia and archegonia

4. What type of fertilization occurs in mosses?

   • Zooidogamous type of oogamy

5. What develops from the zygote in the sporophyte stage?

   • Sporogonium

6. In Bryopsida, how are the structures rhizoids characterized?

   • Multicellular and branched

7. What is the plant body of pteridophytes primarily composed of?

   • Sporophyte

8. Which type of vascular tissues are present in pteridophytes?

   • Xylem and phloem

9. What are the appendages that bear sporangia in pteridophytes called?

   • Sporophylls

10. What forms from the germination of spores in pteridophytes?

    • Prothallus

11. What is the main reproductive structure in gymnosperms?

    • Strobili (cones)

12. What types of spores do gymnosperms produce?

    • Microspores and megaspores

13. Which plant is known as a living fossil and belongs to gymnosperms?

    • Ginkgo biloba

14. What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of gymnosperms?

    • Sporophyte phase

15. What are the two general classes of cones in gymnosperms called?

    • Male and female strobili

16. In pteridophytes, what are microphylls and macrophylls?

    • Microphylls are small leaves; macrophylls are large leaves

17. What is essential for fertilization in gymnosperms?

    • Water for the transfer of male gametes

18. What does the term "heterosporous" mean?

    • Producing two kinds of spores (macro and microspores)

19. What happens to the ovule after fertilization in gymnosperms?

    • It matures into a naked seed.