Exhaustive Notes on the Cycle of Military Dictatorships in South America

The period is defined by several interconnected relationships arising from different global and local contexts.
The Cuban Revolution: This event serves as a major conditioning factor for the region, occurring during the Cold War, a period characterized by the rivalry between $2$ superpowers, each promoting a distinct socio-political and economic model.
Ideological Influences:
- Capitalism: Strongly influenced and promoted by the USA (United States of America).
- Socialism and Anarchism: Alternative models that gained traction in various sectors.
Ernesto Che Guevara: An Argentine doctor and a key participant in the Cuban Revolution. He is described as a thinker and ideologue of radical socialism. His travels and campaigns were aimed at fostering a "continental revolution," and he exerted significant influence over various left-wing spheres.
Ideological Debate: There was a widespread questioning of the capitalist model, leading to significant political shifts across the region.

The MNR (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario): This movement emerged with a nationalist discourse and implemented various revolutionary political measures tailored to the needs of its society.
Breakdown of Alliances: The alliance between the MNR and foreign-influenced sectors eventually broke. While certain peasant sectors maintained their loyalty to the movement, other parts of society separated.
Social and Economic Instability:
- Bolivian society became highly reactionary.
- The country entered a period of crisis, marked by strikes (paros) and the implementation of "depressive" measures.
- Repressive instruments were used against leaders (dirigentes), leading to disappearances.
- The upper classes sought to maintain their status and privileges, as the government could no longer provide guarantees for their interests.

Timeline: A coup d'état occurred in $1964$ .
Factors of Military Power: The military was strengthened following the closure of the military college one year prior.
Alliances: The military was allied with small upper-class sectors.
Rene Baimentos: He led the coup d'état and assumed the presidency with the primary mission of taking and holding power.

Definition: The Doctrina de seguridad nacional (National Security Doctrine) was a strategy developed by the USA.
Purpose: Its goal was to train and enable Latin American militaries to respond against communist movements and guerrilla groups (grupos and gustas) that were perceived as threats to economic stability.
Implementation: It involved training military forces from other governments to identify and report on subversive activities.

State Terrorism: Defined as the state itself exercising terror against its population.
Repressive Methods:
- Forced exiles.
- Violations (sexual and human rights).
- Clandestine prisons (careles clandestinas).
- Systematic human rights violations.
Augusto pinochet in Chile: Mentioned in the context of a transition where he initially appeared in a populist or progressive light, promoting social benefits before the inauguration of a repressive regime.
Plan condor (Operation Condor):
- This was a coordinated effort between various intelligence groups and governments to conduct a struggle against "subversive forces."
- Participating Countries: The coordination involved Brasil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Ecuador.
- Objective: The exchange of information and resources to effectively repress opposition and facilitate state terrorism across borders.