Green crime
Green crime- problematic as many ‘green crimes’ are legal yet harmful impacts on the environment, may not be enforced the same in different countries.
-development of green criminology, focuses on the harm and the impact on environment than the legality
Green criminology- Its transgressive approach as it breaks those boundaries of what a crime is defined as, means you can look at the harm when crime is committed, (eval) but can be unclear where the boundaries of that are as anything can cause harm.
South(2014) there are two types of green crime.
Primary- direct result of destruction of earth's resources.
Air pollution, growth of industrialisation and urbanisation has led to increased us epf fossil fuels. (united nations say 2024 will be the hottest year on record, hottest year on record has been since 2000s, valencia floods)
Water pollution, production of non-reusable goods has led to increased waste in the planet's waste supplies, and use of chemicals in water supplies.
Deforestation, cutting down forests to use it or to make way for grazing or manufacturing, (IMF, Cameroon 90% of trees being cut down to pay for debts from loans), trees being cut down means the carbon syncs aren’t working properly as Co2 is not being filtered through the trees.
Desertification, overuse of land to the extent that it becomes infertile (soil bean being dragged over the overconsumption of coffee grounds, sahara desert has expanded 10% since 1920).
Species extinction,impacts of other forms of green crime on habitat of animals and illegal abuse of animals.
Secondary- deliberate breaches of laws that look to prevent green crime (companies that take trash and say that they are going to recycle them but in reality put it in the ground).
Organised crime, illegal dumping of chemicals
Corporate crimes, outsourcing disposal of hazardous waste of third parties who dump it illegally.
Environmental discrimination, causing environmental issues in areas of deprivation or global poverty (taking from third world countries and outsourcing they’re resources to western countries with a higher demand supply of goods).
Influence of state, they look to prevent companies from causing environmental damage by criminalising their activities (FBI categorises environmental groups/protests that break law to protect environment as eco-terrorism, protest against fracking, building of infrastructure, like rail and runways have led to prosecution by criminal justice system)
The state is taking part in enviro discrimination as they are criminalising Extinction rebellionists for objecting to pollution and environmental distinction.
Zemiology- study of harm
Evaluation- green criminology
It recognizes the growing importance of environmental issues and the need to address the harm and risks of environmental damage to humans and animals.
As it takes a transgressive approach it faces criticism as it takes on a broader concept of harm, this means it’s harder to define the boundaries of what actions are regarded as wrong and harmful to the environment, so green criminology cannot be argued objectively as it focuses on a matter of values.