A&P Module 3- Cells and the Microbiome STUDENT2

Page 1: Cells and Microbiome

  • Introduction to Cells: Module 3 and Chapters 3 and 4 focus on cellular structures and the human microbiome.

Page 2: Overview

  • Review the Module 3 Overview on D2L including:

    • Major outcomes

    • Objectives

    • Background information for this module.

Page 3: Cell Variations

  • Function dictates cell form:

    • Nerve cells: transmit signals.

    • Red blood cells: carry oxygen.

    • White blood cells: involved in immune response.

    • Muscle cells: facilitate movement.

    • Gland cells: secrete substances.

  • Introduction to Cells: YouTube video resource suggested for further exploration.

Page 4: Cell Structure

  • Important Cell Organelles:

    • Mitochondrion

    • Centrioles

    • Golgi apparatus

    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Cilia

    • Nuclear envelope

    • Nuclear pores

    • Nucleolus

    • Vesicles

    • Microfilaments

    • Microtubules

    • Lysosome

Page 5: Plasma Membrane

  • Function and Structure:

    • Defines the cell's boundary.

    • Regulates substance passage in and out of the cell.

    • Composed mostly of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.

Page 6: Nucleus

  • The nucleus is the most vital part of the cell, housing all genetic information (DNA).

  • Components of the nucleus:

    • Nuclear envelope

    • Nuclear pores

    • Chromatin

    • Nucleolus

Page 7: Question

  • A cell's genetic information is contained in the:

    • Options: cytoplasm, nucleus, proteins within the plasma membrane, plasma membrane.

Page 8: Answer

  • Correct answer: B (nucleus).

  • Rationale:

    • Cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus.

    • Proteins function as channels/receptors.

    • Plasma membrane is the cell's boundary.

Page 9: Organelles

  • Characteristics and Functions of Organelles:

    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • Ribosomes

  • Organelles fill the cytoplasm, each performing specific metabolic tasks.

Page 10: Mitochondria

  • Mitochondria play the role of the cell's powerhouses by:

    • Producing ATP for energy use.

  • Structure includes:

    • Outer membrane

    • Inner membrane

    • Cristae

    • Matrix

Page 11: Question

  • Cells depend on which organelle for energy?

    • Options: Golgi apparatus, Cytoskeleton, Mitochondria, ATP.

Page 12: Answer

  • Correct answer: C (Mitochondria).

  • Rationale:

    • Golgi apparatus packages proteins.

    • Cytoskeleton is the framework of the cell.

    • ATP is produced by mitochondria, not an organelle.

Page 13: Movement Through the Cell Membrane

  • Passive Transport:

    • Requires no energy; includes:

      • Diffusion

      • Osmosis

      • Filtration

      • Facilitated diffusion

  • Active Transport:

    • Requires energy; involves pumps and vesicles (endocytosis, exocytosis).

Page 14: Diffusion

  • Process of diffusion explained:

    • Movement of particles from high to low concentration (down a concentration gradient).

    • View related animation on diffusion in hot and cold liquids.

Page 15: Osmosis

  • Definition and description of osmosis:

    • Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

    • Water moves from areas of high water concentration to low.

    • Produces osmotic pressure on the side with higher water volume.

Page 16: Tonicity

  • Types of Tonicity:

    • Isotonic: Equal solute concentration as inside the cell.

    • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration (water exits cell, cell shrivels).

    • Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration (water enters cell, cell swells/bursts).

    • Refer to Khan Academy YouTube resource for more on osmolarity and tonicity.

Page 17: Filtration

  • Explanation of filtration:

    • Driven by pressure differences:

    • Water and solutes are forced across membranes from high to low pressure.

    • Example: kidneys.

Page 18: Question

  • Osmotic pressure is defined as:

    • Options:

      • The force driving osmosis.

      • The force driving solutes through capillary walls.

      • The pressure aiding venous return.

      • The water pressure from osmosis.

Page 19: Answer

  • Correct answer: D (the water pressure that develops from osmosis).

  • Rationale:

    • Osmosis is driven by solute concentration differentials across a semi-permeable membrane.

    • Hydrostatic pressure drives solutes through capillaries.

Page 20: Facilitated Diffusion

  • Definition of facilitated diffusion:

    • Movement of solutes down the concentration gradient via carrier proteins.

    • Does not require energy.

    • View related animation.

Page 21: Sodium-Potassium Pump

  • Explanation of the sodium-potassium pump:

    • Active Transport where molecules are moved against their concentration gradient using ATP.

    • Indicates a shift from low to high concentration.

Page 22: Transport by Vesicles

  • Descriptor for transport mechanisms:

    • Endocytosis:

      • Brings substances into the cell:

        • Phagocytosis (cell eating)

        • Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

    • Exocytosis: Uses vesicles to release substances outside the cell.

  • Requires energy for both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Page 23: Question

  • Key function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    • Options:

      • Movement of large particles into the cell.

      • Provision of electrical potential for nervous activity.

      • Release of substances outside the cell.

      • Nutrient provision for the body's cells.

Page 24: Answer

  • Correct answer: B (Provision of electrical potential).

  • Rationale:

    • Endocytosis refers to the movement of large particles into the cell.

    • Exocytosis indicates release of substances outside the cell.

    • Filtration is another mechanism for nutrient acquisition.

Page 25: Checkpoint

  • Review supplementary materials and complete the Learning Activities for Module 3 - Lesson 2 on D2L.

Page 26: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

  • Overview of DNA:

    • DNA stores a cell’s genetic information.

    • Composed of nucleotide pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

    • Suggested viewing of related "Science Guy" video on DNA.

Page 27: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

  • RNA serves as a messenger:

    • Carries instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

    • Two essential forms:

      • Messenger RNA (mRNA)

      • Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Page 28: Protein Synthesis

  • Process of protein synthesis:

    • Transcription: DNA is copied to mRNA in the nucleus.

    • mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm.

    • Translation: mRNA to Protein through ribosomal action aligning tRNA and amino acids.

  • Animation view suggested for further understanding.

Page 29: Question

  • Correct statement about DNA?

    • Options include its genetic information nature, chemical composition, structure, etc.

Page 30: Answer

  • Correct answer: A (DNA stores all genetic information).

  • Rationale:

    • Contains deoxyribose sugar.

    • Four bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

    • Exists as a double strand.

Page 31: Cell Cycle

  • Phases of the cell cycle:

    • Interphase (G1, S, G2)

    • Mitotic phase (M)

  • Description of constituent processes:

    • S phase involves DNA replication.

    • M phase involves cell division (mitosis).

Page 32: Mitosis

  • Phases of mitosis:

    • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

  • Mitosis overview:

    • Single cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.

  • Suggested animation for further explanation.

Page 33: Quick Review

  • Fill-in-the-blank review prompts:

    • A cell's shape is determined by its __________.

    • The __________ is the cell’s control center.

    • Concentration differential is called a __________.

    • Filtration occurs due to differences in __________.

    • DNA is the __________ molecule storing genetic information.

    • Building blocks of DNA are __________.

    • The cell division process is called __________.

Page 34: Checkpoint

  • Review supplementary materials and complete Learning Activities for Module 3 - Lesson 3 on D2L.

Page 35: What is a Microbiome?

  • Definitions:

    • Biome: Community of plants/animals in a specific habitat.

    • Micro: Microscopic organism.

    • Microbiome: Collection of microorganisms in distinct communities on/in the human body.

Page 36: The Human Microbiome

  • Features:

    • Organized system of microbes in healthy adults.

    • More than 100 trillion organisms.

    • Vast individuality per person (discovered by The Human Microbiome Project).

Page 37: Importance of Microbiome

  • Key functions:

    • Digestion and nutrient absorption.

    • Prime immune system functions.

    • Vitamin production.

    • Energy production roles.

    • Disease defense mechanisms.

    • Influence on mental health.

Page 38: Genetic Implications of the Microbiome

  • Comparison of gene numbers:

    • Human genome: 22,000 genes

    • Human microbiome: 8,000,000 genes.

Page 39: Microbial Communities

  • Community details:

    • Nostrils: 900 species, 30,000 genes.

    • Teeth: 1300 species, 20,000 genes.

    • Mouth: 800 species, 70,000 genes.

    • Gastrointestinal tract: 4000 species, 800,000 genes.

    • Vagina: 300 species, 10,000 genes.

Page 40: Building a Microbiome

  • Development timeline:

    • Before birth: placenta microbiome.

    • Birth: passage through birth canal establishes core microbiome.

    • Breastfeeding enhances the microbiome.

    • Post-birth: environmental bacteria acquisition.

Page 41: Stages of Microbiome Development

  • Timeline of microbiome development:

    • In utero: from placenta.

    • Birth: Canal entry.

    • First year: breastfeeding phase.

    • Second year: introduces solid foods.

    • Ages 2-5: resembles adult microbiome.

    • Adulthood: diversity influenced by food, environment, antibiotics.

    • Old age: typically decreased diversity.

Page 42: Microbiome and the Immune System

  • Relationship:

    • Higher microbial diversity correlates with stronger immune systems.

    • Early childhood (first three years) critical for microbiome establishment.

Page 43: Question

  • Key development stage for microbiome:

    • Options are in the womb, during birth, air breathing, or first food intake.

Page 44: Answer

  • Correct answer: B (during the birth process).

  • Rationale: Birth transmits maternal microbes forming the infant's core microbiome.

Page 45: Boosting the Microbiome

  • Suggestions for promoting a healthy microbiome:

    • High-fiber, plant-based diet.

    • Foods rich in polyphenols.

    • Probiotics and prebiotics.

    • Fermented food consumption.

    • Regular exercise.

    • Exposure to outdoors.

    • Avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics.

Page 46: Threats to the Microbiome

  • Factors that negatively influence microbiome diversity:

    • Antibiotic use.

    • Diet high in fats/sugars.

    • Chronic stress.

    • Smoking habits.

    • Air pollution exposure.

    • Sedentary lifestyles.

    • Excessive sanitizing product usage.

    • Invasion by pathogenic bacteria.

Page 47: Components of the Microbiome

  • Core inhabitants of the microbiome:

    • Bacteria (main component).

    • Viruses.

    • Fungi.

    • Archaea.

Page 48: Microbiome - True or False

  • Statements regarding microbiome understanding:

    • Composition stability over individuals and lifetime confirmed or denied.

    • Microbiome effects on mental health highlighted.

    • Composition variations due to antibiotics discussed.

    • Importance of the microbiome in immune system development evaluated.

Page 49: Checkpoint

  • Review supplementary materials and complete Learning Activities for Module 3 - Lesson 4 on D2L.

Page 50: Module Review

  • Complete the Module Review in the Overview section of Module 3 on D2L.

Page 51: Study Questions

  1. Describe basic cell structures: plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

  2. Discuss substance permeability through plasma membrane.

  3. Define organelles.

  4. Explain function/importance of mitochondria.

  5. Compare active vs. passive transport.

  6. Define diffusion.

  7. Explain osmosis process.

  8. Outline characteristics of isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions.

  9. Describe filtration.

  10. Explain facilitated diffusion.

  11. Describe sodium-potassium pump functionality.

  12. Describe DNA structure.

Page 52: Continuing Questions

  1. Clarify role of RNA despite DNA serving as genetic carrier.

  2. Contrast RNA and DNA.

  3. Detail transcription process description.

  4. Outline translation process.

  5. Describe microbiome acquisition methods.

  6. Identify microbiome components.

  7. Discuss microbiome influence on the immune system.

  8. Explain circumstances that support/harm the microbiome.