Unit C Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary

• Adhesion: The clinging of one substance to a different substance.

• Auxin: A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation.

• Cell Theory: The theory that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

• Cellular Respiration: The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

• Cohesion: The clinging of one substance to itself.

• Compound Light Microscope: A microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify objects, using visible light.

• Concentration Gradient: The gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.

• Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope: A microscope that uses laser light to scan a specimen, creating images of structures at various depths.

• Control Systems: Systems that regulate and maintain a stable internal environment in organisms.

• Controlled Experiment: A scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that only one (or a few) factors are changed at a time, while all others are kept constant.

• Cytoplasmic Streaming: The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles.

• Electron Microscope: A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an enlarged image of the object.

• Fluid-Mosaic Model: A model that describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving. This movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell environments.

• Guard Cells: Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

• Gravitropism: A plant's response to gravity, causing roots to grow downward and stems to grow upward.

• Hormone: Chemical messengers produced in one part of an organism that affect cell activity in another part.

• Open System: A system in which energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings.

• Organ: A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

• Organelles: Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

• Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.

• Phototropism: A plant's response to light, causing it to grow towards the light source.

• Plasmolysis: The contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

• Pressure Difference: The difference in pressure between two areas.

• Spontaneous Generation: The supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter.

• Stomata: Pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange.

• System: A set of interacting components forming a complex whole.

• Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a specific function.

• Tonicity: The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

• Transpiration: The evaporation of water from plant leaves.

• Turgor Pressure: The pressure exerted by water inside a plant cell against the cell wall.

Knowledge

• Microscope Differences (Hooke vs. van Leeuwenhoek):

  • Hooke's microscope was a compound microscope, while van Leeuwenhoek's was a simple microscope.

  • Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope had better resolution and magnification than Hooke's.

• Early Compound Light Microscope Problems:

  • Lens technology limitations led to chromatic and spherical aberrations, causing blurred images.

  • These problems were overcome by using better lens designs, achromatic lenses, and improved glass.

• Redi's Experiment as a Controlled Experiment:

  • Redi's experiment tested spontaneous generation by comparing covered and uncovered meat. The variable was whether flies came into contact with the meat. Covered meat did not produce maggots, while uncovered meat did.

• Spontaneous Generation Investigations:

  • Attempts to prove: Early experiments seemed to show microbes appearing in sterilized broth.

  • Attempts to disprove: Redi's experiment with meat, Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment.

• Contributions to Cell Theory:

  • Robert Brown: Discovered the nucleus in plant cells.

  • Matthias Schleiden: Stated that all plants are made of cells.

  • Theodor Schwann: Stated that all animals are made of cells.

  • Rudolf Virchow: Proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

• Resolving Power:

  • Definition: The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely adjacent points.

  • Limit: The wavelength of light limits resolving power in a light microscope.

• Electron Microscope:

  • Advantages: Higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

  • Disadvantages: Specimens must be dead, preparation is complex, and it is more expensive.

• Advantages of Cell Research at Molecular Level:

  • Provides a deeper understanding of cell functions and processes.

  • Allows for the development of new medical treatments and technologies.

• Staining Cells:

  • Advantage: Enhances visibility of cell structures.

  • Disadvantage: Can distort or kill cells.

• Fluorescence Microscopy:

  • Increases knowledge by labeling specific cell structures with fluorescent dyes and allows for the visualization of their location and movement.

• Unit of Measurement:

  • Micrometer (μm) is most commonly used in measuring cells and their components.

• Open System:

  • Definition: A system that exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.

  • Cells are open systems because they take in nutrients and release waste, and they exchange energy with their environment.

• Plant Cell Structures:

  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities and contains DNA.

  • Central vacuole: Stores water and maintains turgor pressure.

  • Cell wall: Provides support and protection.

• Surface Area to Volume Ratio:

  • Higher surface area to volume ratio increases the rate of diffusion.

• Cell Structures Visible Through Light Microscope:

  • Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuoles, chloroplasts (in plant cells).

• Diffusion vs. Osmosis:

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

• Processes for Cell Survival:

  • Cells must use processes like nutrient uptake, waste removal, and responding to their environment to survive.

• Particle Model:

  • The particle model illustrates how matter moves in living systems by demonstrating that substances are made of particles in constant motion.

• Concentration Gradient:

  • Solutes move from areas of high concentration to low concentration across membranes due to diffusion and osmosis.

• Activity C8 Results:
  Iodine ions are smaller, so they can move freely across the membrane. Starch molecules are too large to pass through the membrane.

• Vesicles:

  • Definition: Small, membrane-bound sacs in cells.

  • Use in Transport: Vesicles transport substances within cells and between cells.

• Liposomes:

  • Liposomes can transport both fat-soluble and water-soluble medications because they have a lipid bilayer.

• Water Desalination in Antarctica:

  • The process by which water is desalinations at the McMurdo Research station in Antarctica was not mentioned in the provided text.

• Textbook as a Sample Cell:

  • Calculations of surface area, volume, and surface area to volume ratio should be done to assess transport efficiency.

• Meristem:

  • Definition: Region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue.

• Shoot System:

  • Definition: The aboveground part of a plant, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.

• Cell Specialization:

  • Examples: Nerve cells transmit signals, red blood cells transport oxygen, muscle cells contract.

• Plant Tissue Types:

  • Dermal tissue: Protection.

  • Vascular tissue: Transport of water and nutrients.

  • Ground tissue: Storage, photosynthesis, and support.

• Photosynthesis Reactants and Products:

  • 6CO2 + 6H2O + {Light Energy} \rightarrow C6H{12}O6 + 6O2

  • Light and chlorophyll are necessary for photosynthesis but are not reactants or products.

• Turgor Pressure:

  • Definition: The pressure exerted by water inside a plant cell against the cell wall.

  • Importance: Maintains cell rigidity and supports the plant.

• Transpiration:

  • Definition: The evaporation of water from plant leaves.

  • Effect: It helps draw water up the plant from the roots.

• Vascular Bundle Components:

  • Xylem, phloem, and cambium.

• Root Pressure:

  • Root pressure moves water up a plant stem through the roots.

• Xylem and Phloem:

  • Same: Both transport substances throughout the plant.

  • Different: Xylem transports water and minerals (dead cells), while phloem transports sugars (living cells).

• Transport Tissue Composed of Dead Cells:

  • Xylem is composed of dead cells.

• Tropism:

  • Definition: The turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.

  • Two Tropisms: Phototropism (response to light) and gravitropism (response to gravity).

• Carbon Dioxide in Water:

  • A method of how to determine the presence of carbon dioxide in water was not mentioned in the text.

• Importance of Controlled Experiments:

  • Controlled experiments: Ensure reliable results by isolating the effects of a single variable.

  • Detailed records: Allow for the analysis and verification of results.

  • Connecting Results: Conclusions based on evidence from the experiment.

• Protist Size:

  • If 15 protista fit across a 4800 μm field, then each protist is approximately 4800 μm \div 15 = 320 μm.

• Imaging Technology and Cell Understanding:

  • Examples: Light microscopy allowed for the initial discovery of cells, electron microscopy revealed the detailed structure of organelles, and fluorescence microscopy enables the study of specific molecules within cells.

• Particle Model and Fluid-Mosaic Model:

  • These models explain the cell membrane and transport of materials.

• Water Concentration Gradient:

  • Draw a diagram showing water moving from high to low concentration areas.

• Strawberries Sprinkled with Sugar:

  • Sugar draws water out of the strawberries through osmosis, making juice.

• Facilitated Diffusion:

  • Definition: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.

  • Example: Glucose transport.

• Desert vs. Rainforest Plants:

  • Desert plants use spines to reduce surface area and water loss, while rainforest plants have large leaves to maximize light capture.

• Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Cell Function:

  • Nerve cells, blood cells, and root hair cells have different surface area to volume ratios that support their specific functions.

• Advantage of Cytoplasmic Streaming:

  • Cytoplasmic streaming allows chloroplasts to move around the inside of the cell to maximize light exposure for photosynthesis.

• Maintaining Firm Cells:

  • Plants maintain firm cells through turgor pressure, which provides support in the absence of a skeleton.

• Palisade Mesophyll:

  • The fence-like arrangement optimizes light capture for photosynthesis.

• Control Mechanisms in Plants Experiment:

  • The experiment and conclusion was not mentioned in the text.

• Plasmolysis:

  • Definition: The contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

  • Consequences: Wilting.

  • Reversal: Adding water to the environment.

• Pressure-Flow Theory:

  • Sugars are transported from source to sink due to pressure gradients.

• Plants Act Like Animals at Night:

  • Plants use cellular respiration at night, similar to animals.

• Water vs. Sugar Transport:

  • Water transport (xylem) is primarily passive, while sugar transport (phloem) requires energy.

• Importance of Turgidity in Stems:

  • Turgidity provides support.

  • Pea plants use specialized cells and processes to maintain turgidity.

• Plants and Single-Cell Functions:

  • Plants use specialized cells and processes to scale up the functions that single cells carry out.

• Cell Theory Revolution:

  • Cell theory replaced spontaneous generation and revolutionized the study of life sciences.

• Compound Light Microscope Study Sheet:

  • A study sheet to teach grade 8 students the use, care and handling of the compound light microscope.

• Transport Problems for Land Plants:

  • Land plants face challenges in water transport due to gravity and distance.

• Energy Input for Transport:

  • Transport in the phloem tissue requires more energy input.

• Hydroponics:

  • Hydroponics can determine mineral needs for plant growth.

• Plants as Bioindicators:

  • Plants can be used as bioindicators of environmental conditions to monitor climate change and greenhouse gases.

• Stomata Location:

  • Stomata are usually on the undersurface of leaves to reduce water loss.

• Bioethical Issues in Cell Research:

  • Examine current articles related to cell research.

• Significant Breakthrough in Cell Study:

  • Personal opinion supported by implications for future study.