PERIOD 3 (1754-1800)

  • Abigail Adams’ "Remember the Ladies": called for greater rights for women

  • Albany Plan: GB wanted to coordinate Seven Years War effort & colonial defense. 1754 meeting, get iroquois to join GB. Ben Franklin develops Albany Plan of Union to coordinate troops & taxes

  • Alien & Sedition Acts (1798): feds want to limit political opps. Naturalization: increase 5yrs to 14yrs for immigrants to become citizens. Alien: president can deport and arrest. Sedition: illegal to criticize govt

  • American Revolution: ideological, political, military struggle of GB colonies against GB imperial rule

  • Anti-Federalists: jefferson, crtiics of constitution, favor weak central gov & state rights, strict interpretation

  • Articles of Confederation: 1st national government of US. conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties. limited federal , more states. unicameral congress. cannot tax. states had one vote, 9/13 need to pass laws. amendments: all 13 → caused financial problems

  • Battle of Saratoga (1778): caused formal alliance with France. Colonists have $, weapons, naval support. British surrender

  • Benjamin Franklin’s Energized American Independence Movement: served as diplomat to help unite colonies driven by colonial leaders, enlightenment ideas, and activism

  • Bill of Rights: outlined basic freedoms and indivudual rights, restricted power in fed govt → helped ratify constitution

  • Boston Massacre (1770): British troops open fire on colonists. John Adams defend british soldiers against murder charges

  • Boston Tea Party: sons of liberty dumped tea into boston harbor, opposing tea act even though british tea cheaper than smuggled tea → destruction of private property

  • Boycotting: non importation agreements against british imports, resistance, decreased trade, grassroots movement (everyone boycotts) → parliament repealed stamp act

  • Bunker Hill: beat usa but build confidence, rev war

  • Cabinet: opposing. State: Jefferson, Treasury: HAmilton: War: knox: Attorney General: Randolph

  • Committees of Correspondence (1772): led by Samuel Adams, used to keep up communication and resistance to british policies

  • Confederate Form of Government

  • Constitutional Convention: 1787, meet to revise Article, make a new entirely new stronger central government

  • Constitution: document outlining supreme law of land

  • Continental Army: unified military force established by Second Continental Congress to fight in revolutionary war, Leader: General George Washington, diverse

  • Crossing of Delaware: Washington surprise attack and capture 1k hessian soldiers → boost morale

  • Declaratory Act (1766): England says they still have power over colonies

  • Declaration of Independence: drafted by thomas jefferson, justify independence by listing grievances against king george iii. took out slavery. rally support amongst colonists & foreign nations. unalienable rights/natural rights & popular sovereignty

  • Deep South and Adjacent Western Lands: slavery instutitions, plantations

  • Democratic-Republican Party (led by Jefferson and Madison): jefferson’s self sufficient agrarian society, strict interpretation, states rights, pro french, southern

  • Electoral college: created as feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule → presidency

  • Executive Branch: president & cabinet enforce laws

  • Federalism: division of power between national and state government

  • Federalist Papers (written by Hamilton and Madison): persuade people to support ratification of constitution

  • Federalists (led by Hamilton): supported constitution and strong central gov, used elastic clause/loose interpretation, pro england, northern

  • First Continental Congress: all colonies except Georgia send representatives to meet in Philly in 1774, colonial unity, want to repair relationship with GB, adopted declaration of rights & grievances, suffolk resolves, coordinate boycott, military prep

  • French and Indian War/Seven Years War: Caused by tensions over Ohio River Valley territory. Started by George Washington invading against French & Natives.

  • French Revolution: divided USA. Federalist wanted to avoid war. Dem-Reps wanted to fight & Englandd was impressing american ships

  • Fugitive Slave Clause: constitution says if your slave runs away, they are your property and you can get them

  • George Washington: 1st president unanimously elected, 2 term presidency, cabinet

  • George Washington’s Farewell Address (1796): stay clear of permanent alliances, danger of political parties

  • Great Compromise: bicameral legislature. upper house senate 2 reps (NJ), house of representatives based on population (virginia)

  • Haitian Revolution: a successful,, armed revolt by enslaved Africans and free people of color against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, resulting in the establishment of Haiti as the first independent Black-led republic and the second independent nation in the Americas. → spark fear in south

  • Hamilton’s Financial Plan: 1) public credit to payy off debt and assume states war debt 2) high tariffs and excise taxes 3) create national bank

  • Impressment: British take ships and navy from US

  • Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts (1774): close boston port, reduce massachusetts legislature power, expand quartering act, royal officials would be on trial in england

  • Jay’s Treaty (1794): British leave forts on frontier, nothing about harassment, Natives. Keeps USA neutral. Impressment where???

  • John Adams’ Presidency: sent US diplomats to paris → XYZ affair, alien & sedition acts (1798)

  • Judicial Branch: Supreme Court, interprets laws

  • Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions: oppose fed laws that dem-reps felt were unconstitutional. Jefferson & Madison said state could nullify unconstitutional federal laws. states had compact with natl. govt.

  • Legislative Branch: creates laws, Congress = House + Senate

  • Lexington & Concord: opening shots of revolutionary war, minutemen are warned by paul revere and dawes. “Shot heard around the world”

  • Loyalists: loyal to British, opposed independence, treated as traitors, property seized & harassed, leave after rev war

  • Navigation Acts: stricter enforcement after 7 Years War, crackdown on smuggling (vice-admiralty courts → no juries)

  • Northwest Ordinance: Land ordinance of 1784 → as populations grew → territories become states; 1785: section set for public education; 1787: set up system to enter union as new states

  • Ohio River Valley: Colonists move into here for more space. GB & France build up forts to defend and take over territory

  • Patriot Movement: fought against British, New England area

  • Paul Revere’s Painting of the Boston Massacre: used as pro-colonial propaganda. more complicated

  • Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law (1780): Gradual emancipation in onrthern & middle states → distinct regional attitudes towards slavery

  • Pontiac's War: 1763: Pontiac (Ottwa Chief) forged a western confederation & rebelled against colonists encroaching land. Paxton Boys attack random Natives. GB send troops to stop rebellion

  • Proclamation of 1763: effect of Pontiac’s War. prohibited colonists from moving west of appalachian mountains. angry colonists defy

  • Proclamation of Neutrality (1793): declaring US neutral

  • Popular sovereignty: power is in hands of people

  • Quartering Act (1765): colonists required to provide food & housing for british soldiers

  • Republican Ideas: power comes from people and consent

  • Republican Motherhood: mother teach republican values within family while fulfilling feminine role

  • Revolutionary War: war of colonies vs Great Britain

  • Salutary Neglect: GB leaves USA alone, reduced intervention/regulation of policies in colonial affairs, ended in 1763 after 7 Years War bc GB is broke af

  • Shay’s Rebellion: Daniel Shay led a reebellion of poor farmers in Mass. after postwar depression. Want lower taxes, paper $, end of debt imprisonment → government too weak to put rebellion down

  • Second Continental Congres (1775): division about declaring independence. organized continental army with washington. send olive branch petition to king george iii → dismissed

  • Separation of Powers: power split between 3 brancehs of government

  • Slave Trade Compromise: allow to continue until 1808, protected in constitution

  • Smuggling

  • Sons of Liberty / Daughters of Liberty: secret organizations that used violence/protests/boycotts to disrupt enforcement of act. Daughters make and sell own clothes → spinning bees

  • Stamp Act (1765): placed a tax on variety of legal documents and items, ex: cards, stamps, contracts, etc → angered merchants & producers in colonies. repealed in 1766

  • Stamp Act Congress: reps from 9 colonies meet to oppose British policies to move towards inter-colonial unity

  • Suffolk Resolves: boycott british goods until intolerable acts were repealed

  • Sugar Act (1764): passed on sugar & molasses to raise revenue

  • Tar and Feathering: used by sons of liberty to attack and violate tax collectors

  • Tea Act (1773): gave a monopoly to British East India Company

  • Taxation without Representation: colonists mad that acts are passed without consent of colonial legislatures, motto, Patrick Henry’s Virginia Resolves

  • The 3/5s Compromise: slaves counted as 3/5 when deciding reps for house of reps

  • The Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom: Jefferson and Madison seperated church and state in Virginia, guaranteeing religious freedom, prohibiting state religious taxes

  • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: argued for independence, used Enlightenment locke’s of natural rights & popular consent → creates republic

  • Three Branches of Government: legislative + executive + judicial, keep each other in checks and balances → make up fed govt.

  • Treaty of Paris (1763): england gains french land from canada & florida & appalachians to mississippi river,: spanish land from florida,

  • Treaty of Paris (1783): Ben Franklin, john adams,john jay → USA independent, boundary extend to mississippi river to great lakes to spanish florida → Americans must respect loyalists and debts owed

  • Tidewater: southern colonies characterized by planter aristocracy.

  • Townshend Acts (1767): tax on imports such as paper, tea, glass, paint, lead, etc. → $ used to pay royal officials instead of colonial assemblies. British could search private homes by getting a writ of assistance → indirect tax paid by merchants. repealed in 1770

  • Whiskey Rebellion:Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey → farmers in PA refused to pay tax. Washington takes over state militia and stops rebellion → demonstrates federal gov power

  • XYZ Affair: French officials attempt get Americans to bribe them in order to start negotiations → Quasi War (undeclared naval war between france and usa)

  • Yorktown: General Cornwallis surrenders to America, french blockades sea → USA wins (1781)