exam 1

Chapter 2

Levels of organization & their definitions (atom → organism)

Atom & components (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons)

Elements, atomic number, atomic mass

Isotopes & half-life

Valence electrons

Chemical bonding:

Bonds - different type of bonds and definitions (covalent, ionic, hydrogen, Van der Waals)

Polar vs Nonpolar Ion - Cation, Anion Molecular weight

Free radical, antioxidant

Acid-Base, pH

Chemical reactions:

reactants vs products

synthesis, decomposition, & exchange reaction

Definitions: organic, inorganic, carbon backbone, functional groups Macromolecules, monomer vs polymer

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions - recognize and type of bond

Carbohydrates:

Function, monomer and polymer and examples of each (sucrose, lactose, maltose) oligosaccharide vs polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, & glycogen)

Lipids:

Function, monomer vs polymer

Types: Simple (Triglycerides), Complex (Phospholipids), Steroids

- Know structure, functions, & examples for all

Fatty acids - saturated vs unsaturated

Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic - definition & examples

Proteins:

Functions, monomer (amino acids - structure, type of bond) vs polymer Dipeptide vs Tripeptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide

Hierarchy of protein folding: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Denaturation

Nucleic acids

Function, monomer, polymer and examples (DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP)

Nucleotide & its parts - know & recognize

DNA & RNA - structure and function

Chapter 26 - Metabolism & Nutrition

Enzymes: definition, active site, enzyme-substrate complex, activation energy vs free energy,

lock-and-key model

Acrobic cellular respiration: definition, glucose + 02 equation

ATP: definition, production

Metabolism: Anabolic/Catabolic, Endergonic/Exergonic

BMR vs TMR

Glycolysis: energy yield & use, product

NAD+/NADH: function/purpose, how is it produced?

Anerobic Fermentation: definition, purpose, product

Aerobic respiration: definition, purpose, product, waste product/ by-products (know the steps)

How is acteyl-CoA made? why?

Krebs cycle: purpose, products

ETC: purpose, significance of last protein/complex, ATP synthase, chemiosmosis

Calorie vs calorie

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients: definition, examples

Essential nutrients

Carbohydrates & blood sugar: normal levels

Glycemic index

Lipids: function, phospholipids & cholesterol

LDL vs HDL: definition, function, total cholesterol levels

High vs Low levels

Mineral vs Vitamin (Water-soluble vs Fat-soluble): definition, functions