MLA Format

1. Almshouse: A charitable institution historically used to house the poor, elderly, or infirm who could not support themselves. Almshouses were often funded by religious organizations or wealthy benefactors.

2. Community Mental Health Movement: A social and medical movement, especially prominent in the mid-20th century, aimed at shifting the care of individuals with mental illnesses from large institutions to community-based treatment. It emphasizes accessible, local mental health services and reducing the stigma of mental illness.

3. Elizabethan Poor Law: A system established in England in 1601 that laid out guidelines for government support of the poor. It distinguished between the “worthy” poor, who were given aid, and the “unworthy” poor, who were often expected to work in poorhouses.

4. Galen: A prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher in the Roman Empire whose theories dominated Western medical science for centuries. His work included anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology, largely based on animal dissections and theories of bodily humors.

5. Hippocrates: Often called the “Father of Medicine,” Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician who established a code of ethics (the Hippocratic Oath) and pioneered the approach that diseases were caused naturally, rather than by gods or superstition.

6. Less Eligibility: A principle underlying the British Poor Law reforms of the 19th century, which stated that conditions for receiving aid must be worse than the lowest-paid laborer’s conditions, to discourage dependence on welfare.

7. Protestant Work Ethic: A concept from sociology that emphasizes hard work, frugality, and diligence as evidence of a person’s moral virtue. Popularized by sociologist Max Weber, it is often associated with the values of Protestantism.

8. Settlement House Movement: A social reform movement that began in the late 19th century in the United States and England. It established community centers, or “settlement houses,” to provide services like education and healthcare to poor, urban populations.

9. Social Darwinism: A belief that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could be applied to human societies. Social Darwinists argued that social progress resulted from the “survival of the fittest” and were often critical of social welfare programs.

10. St. Mary of Bethlehem: Also known as Bethlem Royal Hospital, this was one of the first hospitals in England to specialize in treating mental illness. It is often referenced in the history of psychiatric care and was notorious for its conditions and treatment methods in earlier centuries.