AP World - Unit 4 - Exploration and the smaller world
Exploration & Smaller World
(1450-1750)
Europe:
Why did Europeans explore in the 1400s?
England, Spain, Portugal, and France wanted to find an easier route to get Spices from India directly
These countries wanted to bypass having to buy from Italian merchants and Middle eastern Merchants
Europeans also wanted to spread Christianity and win converts
They went exploring for - “God, glory, and gold”
Why didn't the Europeans explore in the 1200s?
Lack of technological advances ⇀ a few hundred years behind China ⇀ while china is exploring and advancing Europe is in the dark ages
Portugal:
Portugal was the first to travel to the eastern coast of Africa and make trading outposts
The portuguese would go farther around Africa until they reached the Indian Ocean
Prince Henry:
(Henry the Navigator)
Took over the muslim city, Ceuta in North Africa
They found gold, silver, jewels, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices
Henry wanted to find the source of these treasures ⇀ take over cities with large sources of them
He wanted to spread Christian faith
1419 - Started a school for navigation in for map makers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, sea captains, and scientists to perfect the art of sailing’
Late 1400’s - the portuguese would be expert traders of gold, ivory, and West African Slaves
1488 - Bartolomeu Dias was the first to go around the Southern tip of Africa and explore some of the eastern side of Africa (made it past the cape of good hope)(started in 1419). He went past the cape of good hope and returned home.
Vasco de Gama:
1498 - reached the port of Calicut, India. Returned with gems, spices, etc, in 1499
Received a hero's welcome - traveled 27,000 miles - discovered a direct sea route to India
1509 - The Portuguese defeated Muslims ships off the coast of India
1510 - The Portuguese set up a port city in India which became the capital of their trading empire
1511 - The Portuguese captured the spice Islands in the East Indies
Spain:
Portugal claimed that Columbus had found land that Portuguese sailors already had discovered after Columbus sailed across the atlantic ocean (new method)
Treaty of Tordesillas - In 1494, Spain and Portugal drew an imaginary line, known as the line of Demarcation and divided South America. All countries east of the land were portugal’s (mainly Brazil) and all land west of the line was Spain’s
1565 - Magellan landed in the Philippines and later his crew would return to Spain making his crew the 1st to sail around the world.
English and Dutch:
In 1600, the English and Dutch began to challenge the Portuguese for dominance over the sea trade
By 1600, the Dutch had an enormous fleet of 20,000 ships
Both the English and Dutch made trade c0mpanies called East India company - the Dutch company was more powerful and wealthy - owned most islands in the East Indies
East India = the indies -> now the indonesians
Great Britain settled for ports in India
Columbus:
He goes out exploring for Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain
Aug. 3, 1492 - Set off in the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
Oct. 12, 1492 - A lookout caught sight of land
Oct. 13 1492 - Columbus went to shore and greeted the natives as “los indios”
Explored many of the Caribbean islands looking for gold. He claimed all of the islands for Spain saying “It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession.”
He sent a ship with 30 natives as servants to his majesty. The monarchs sent them back, saying they did not want to make the natives slaves, however most of them died on the journey back.
Future Journeys:
He sets up Spanish colonies in the Caribbean
2nd journey - brought back 17 ships and 1,000 spaniards and created a colony
The colony was almost wiped out by natives.
3rd journey - Killed many natives as retribution
Columbus's legacy - more and more explorers came and staked out land for their country and made colonies
He is frowned upon -> enslaved natives from the dominican republic to work on his plantation(s) - against the orders of his monarchs
Killed ~90% of natives of the Dominican Republic
Other Explorers:
Pedro Alvares Cabral - 1500, reached the shores of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal
Amerigo Vespucci - 1501, traveled up and down North and South America and made maps of the coast
German mapmakers - 1507, a German mapmaker used vespucci’s maps and named the new continent America in honor of Vespucci
Conquistadors:
1519 - Hernando Cortez took over the Aztecs and destroyed their capital city. The spanish had guns and cannons while the Azetcs had spear and bow n arrows
Through the help of a translator, Malinche and allies, Cortez was able to win
Smallpox and measles killed most of the Aztecs, weakening their numbers
1532 - Francisco Pizarro took over the Inca Empire for Spain
Spain's pattern of Conquest:
Imposed Spanish culture - language and religion (catholicism)
Spanish men married Native women and created a large Mestizo population
Mestizo - mixed Spanish and Native american ancestry
Encomienda System - natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords and they received the rights to native labor from the monarchy. They were supposed to treat them fairly and respect the natives
Germs - the Spanish killed many natives accidently by sharing measles, mumps, typhus, and smallpox - the natives had no immunity - ~90% of the natives are wiped out
Portugal's Conquest in Brazil:
Enslaved the natives and made them work on large sugar plantations
As more and more natives died the Portuguese began importing African slaves
Mulatto - Mixed - black and white or black and native
Asiento System:
Portugal had African trading posts
Spain imported their slaves through the Portuguese
1518 - Asiento a license to import slaves into the colonies
Slaves were priced according to their labor potential (men were more than women and children)
1500s in Spain:
Because of all the gold and silver the Spanish stole from the Aztecs and Inca a golden age of art and culture began
Spain bought more ships, expanded their military, and took over more land
However, inflation would threaten their economy
Spanish exploration:
1513 - Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida on his attempt to find the fountain of youth
1542 - Bartoloneu de las casas wrote against the enslavement of Natives and the encomienda system. As a result the Spanish Monarchy abolished the encomienda but started importing African slaves.
Natives rose against enslavement:
The Taino’s rose against Columbus four times
1608 - Popé, a pueblo ruler rose up and led a well organized rebellion against the Spanish. He drove them out of New Mexico back to Mexico city for 12 years
However, Natives were fighting a losing battle as more Europeans began to make colonies in the “New World”
French Explorers:
In 1534, Jacques Cartier named the St. Lawrence River and a large island named Mont Royal which becomes known as Montreal
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain started the settlement called Quebec. Became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America, known as New France (how original 😂)
Champlain set up a fur trade with the local indians (animals begin to go extinct because they loved the fur so much)
French Explore the North American continent:
1673 - trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River.
In 1683 - Sieur de la Salle explored the lower Mississippi River. He claimed the entire river valley for France. He named it Louisiana in honor of the french king, Louis XIV.
French Relationship with Indian:
1760- only 65,000 settlers in Quebec. Mostly men
One of the hottest fashion trends of that time was beaver skin hats. So the french mainly traded with the Indians for furs
Some french catholic priests tried to convert the natives to Christianity
For the most part, the French left the Natives alone except when trading with them
English settle Jamestown:
The Virginia Company, an company of London investors made a colony in Virginia called Jamestown (named after James 1)
Most colonies died as a result of looking for gold and not planting a garden, most would starve to death during the winter
John Smith made all the colonists work - no work, no eat
No Gold in Jamestown:
After many colonists were massacred by the Powhatan Indians, Jamestown became known as the Royal Colony
There was no gold found. So, John Rolfe planted a special type of tobacco that made Jamestown wealthy
Indentured servants worked the land and grew the Tobacco
Puritans:
In 1620, The Pilgrims started a colony in Plymouth Massachusetts. They meant to go to Jamestown but a storm made them end in Massachusetts
The pilgrims made the Mayflower compact which was their first government made in the New World (not counting the Natives). Everyone who signed it said they would work hard to make the colony survive and they would obey laws.
1628- a group of Puritans fled the Anglican church and created a colony at Massachusetts Bay.
The Dutch:
In 1609, Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River and the Hudson Bay
The Dutch established New Amsterdam (New York City). They allowed all types of colonists to settle there- in new amsterdam there are Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans
Dutch traded furs with the Iroquois Indians
Colonizing the Caribbean:
In the 1600s Europe also divided the Caribbean Islands among themselves
France- took over Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique
English- settled Barbados and Jamaica
Dutch- Netherlands Antilles
Spain- Aruba, Cuba, and Dominican Republic
The europeans built large tobacco and sugar cane plantations on these islands that depended on slave labor
The Fight for North America:
In 1664, the English Duke of York got permission from King Charles the 11 to kick the Dutch out of New Amsterdam, The English renamed the city “New York”
BY 1750, The english colonists numbered 1.3 million and had developed 13 colonies
In 1754, the English and French began fighting over land and it was called the French and Indian War or the Seven Years War. the English kicked the French out of North America in 1763
Relationships with Indians:
French and Dutch traded guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads with the Natives for furs
For the most part, the French and Dutch made small settlements and traded with the Natives
The English had a negative relationship with the Natives as they tended to push natives off their land
The Powhatan Indians killed 350 settlers and Metacom killed hundreds when he attacked 52 colonial villages in Massachusetts
Smallpox, measles, and other diseases killed many if the Eastern woodland Indians
The Massachusset people dropped from 24,000 to 750 by 1631
Slave Trade:
African Diaspora - the forced migration of West Africans to the Americas via the middle passage
The trade goes through ships from Africa to the Americas in a passage called the Middle Passage
Slavery in Africa existed in the 1500s. Non-muslim Prisoners of war could be bought and sold between tribes
Between 650-1600 4.8 million Africans were used as slaves in the Middle East and southeast asia.
In the middle east and Africa, slaves had some legal rights and had opportunity for social mobility
Many slaves worked as domestic servants
Slavery was not hereditary - children of slaves were not in bondage
How Slavery Changed:
In the 1400s the portuguese used African slaves on their sugar plantations off the coast of Africa
West Africans had immunity to many European diseases, many were already used to farming techniques, and many could not run away like the natives because they did not know where they were or even the language being spoken.
Atlantic Slave Trade & Middle Passage & West African Diaspora = the same thing - slave trade
By 1650, nearly 300,00 Africans labored throughout Spanish America on plantations and gold and silver mines
The Portuguese began surpassing them in the use of slaves
During the 1600s the Portuguese dominated the sugar market
40% of All Africasn brought to the New World as slaves went to Brazil
Brazil had 3.6 MILLION Afrian Slaves by the time the slave trade ended- that is 10 times more slaves than in North America
Slavery in 13 Colonies:
Over 400,000 slaves were brought to the 13 British colonies
Slave population steadily grew and by 1830, 2 million slaves toiled in the US
Atlantic Slave Trade:
Africans were stolen, chained, and then loaded on massive ships for the journey to the New World
1526- King Alfonso of the Congo begged the king of Portugal to put an end to the european slave trade because the population in west africa was dwindling
Middle Passage:
The voyage that brought enslaved africans to the west indies and later North and South America
The middle passage was the part of the Triangular Trade that was the middle part, where slaves were chained and transferred in a ship to the “New World”
Slavery in the Americas: (THREE WAYS IT IS DIFFERENT FROM ASIA):
Usually a life-long condition- it was rare that a slave owner would allow a slave to earn freedom
Based on race- the African race was seen as slaves
Hereditary- the sons and daughters of slaves were born into a lifetime of bondage
Slaves Resisted:
They made themselves less productive by breaking gardening tools, uprooting plants, and just working really slowly to fight back against their “masters”
Thousands of slaves ran away (Slave rebellions were a VERY common thing)
Several openly revolted in Hispaniola, Brazil, and South Carolina
Maroon Community- some in florida and it was a bunch of runaway slaves who banded together and lived together in these places
Columbian Exchange:
Global transfer of foods, plants, animals, and even diseases
Europeans brought back tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans
Europeans brought cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses
Also brought diseases like smallpox, measles, influenza, etc.
In Europe… sXZ
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit
Capitalism was allowing more people to get wealthy besides just kings and lords
Businesses across Europe grew and flourished due to successful investing of merchants and traders
Adam Smith- “Father of Capitalism” - 1750
Joint- Stock Companies:
A number of people pooled their wealth together for a common purpose (usually for a colony)
Joint-Stock Companies put their money together to create colonies, If the colony fails, investors only lose their small share. If the colony thrived, the investors shared their profits
Joint- Stock Company known as the Virginia Company started the colony of Jamestown.
Europe adopts Mercantilism:
Mercantilism- economic policy where the country's power depends on its wealth. Wealth allowed nations to build strong navies and military as well as purchase what they needed
A nation could increase its power and wealth in 2 ways:
Obtaining as much gold and silver as possible
A favorable Balance of trade- selling more goods than it bought
A nation's goal was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods. So, the mother country made colonies so it could gather free raw goods from their colonies
The Seven Years War (1756-1763): (We Call it the French and the Indian War)
Prussia and Britain vs. Austria, France, Russia
1756- Fredrick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally. Everyone began declaring war on each other
France lost its colonies in the New World and India
Britain won North America and India, however the cost of the war and the taxation of colonists would soon cause them to close their 13 colonies
Monarchs in England:
Ever since the Magna Carta Kings and Queens of england were not absolute rulers due to parliament
Elizabeth I flattered the members of Parliament but still had to fight them for money.
1603- Elizabeth I died with a lot of debt
Her nephew, already king of Scotland, becomes King of England. James the 1st
English Civil War:
1642-1649 - A civil war was fought between the King (Charles) and his supporters (loyalists) and Parliaments (roundheads)
This was the first time a monarch was given a public execution (in the form of decapitation)
Restoration:
1658 - Oliver Cromwell dies.
1659 Parliament reassembles and asks the older son of Charles the I to rule
1660 - Charles II takes over England and because he restored the monarchy this time period is called restoration
Charles II restored theater, sporting events, and dancing which the Puritan roundheads had banned
Charles II:
1679 - Habeas Corpus established. It gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge. A monarch could not put someone in jail for opposing him.
Glorious Revolution:
William led an army to England in 1688 and King James II fled to france
This bloodless overthrow was known as the Glorious Revolution
King Wiliam and Queen Mary become the new monarchs of England.
Consequences:
Constitutional Monarchy - laws and constitution limit the ruler’s power
Parliament drafts a bill of rights in 1689:
A ruler could not:
Suspend any of Parliament's laws
Levy taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
Interfere with freedom of speech in parliament
Penalize a citizen who petitions the king without grievances
Scientific Revolution:
In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make theories based on Experimentation - Ideology (idea that traveled to other people
Causes:
European manuscripts from Asia on astronomy, physics, and mathematics
Explorers used modern technology found the old beliefs did not match with their calculations
The printing press helped to spread new ideas.
Consequences:
The Renaissance - inspired a spirit of curiosity in artistic fields
Enlightenment - a period where old religious beliefs were challenged to become new religious beliefs
Inventions:
Zacharias Jensen - 1st microscope invented in 1590
Evangelista Torricelli - 1st mercury barometer invented for measuring pressure and predicting weather in 1643
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - used a microscope to see red blood cells and study bacteria from the 1st time
New way of thinking:
Geocentric theory -> Heliocentric
Earth being the center (proposed by Aristotle in 4 B.c) -> the sun being the center
Heliocentric Theory:
Nicolaus Copernicus:
A cleric and an astronomer. He found that the geocentric theory did not explain the movement of the sun, moon, and planets
After studying planetary movements for 25 years, he reasoned that the earth actually revolved around the sun.
He knew religious leaders would not be happy about his findings because they contradicted their religious views
He did not publish his findings until a year before his death on 1543 in a book called, On the revolutions of Heavenly bodies
Galileo Galilei:
1610 - He published his findings and supported the heliocentric theory
Medicine and the Human Body:
Andreas Veslius - Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) where he drew human organs, bones, and muscles based off of the dissections of human corpses
William Harvey - wrote about the human heart and the function of blood vessels in 1628
Edward Jenner - introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox - studied inoculation
Discoveries in Chemistry:
Robert Boyle:
Wrote the book Skeptical chymist (1661) - proposed that matter was made up of tiny particles that joined together in different ways
Boyle's Law:
Explain how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.
Enlightenment:
Ideas:
Republican/Democratic Governments are best
Freedom of religion/freedom of speech
The government needs to have separation of powers
All people are created equal
No torture, no capital punishment, & speedy trials
Women need an education and voting rights
All people are born with unalienable rights - life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
Age of reason. A movement that reformed government, religion, economics, and education
Thomas Hobbs:
Created the Social Contract:
People gave up their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange they gained law and order
Believed that government is there to keep the peace because all men are brutish
John Locke:
All people are born free with 3 natural rights - life, liberty, and property
The purpose of the government is to protect those rights. If they fail in doing so the people have the right to overthrow the government.
A government's power comes from the consent of the people which is the foundation of modern democracy.
Voltaire:
He fought for religious tolerance, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
He used satire against the clergy, aristocracy, and the government
Montesquieu:
Best form of government is the division of power among different branches of government - called the separation of powers
England had separation of power”
The King
Parliament
The Judges
Power should be checked by power - later called checks and balances
Rousseau:
All people are equal - nobility should be abolished
Good government - direct democracy & people agreed to give up some of their freedom for the common good
Man is born in natural free state but the strongest man rises up and forces others to obey his law
Beccaria:
Wrote On Crimes and Punishments (1764)
He believed everyone should get a speedy trial, torture and cruel punishments should be abolished as well as capital punishment
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Women needed education just like men to become virtuous and useful
Education would allow women to be better wives and mothers
Argues for women’s political rights
Impact of the Enlightenment:
The American and French revolutions
Belief in progress - reform movements in social equality and education
A more Secular outlook - enlightened ones like voltaire attacked the beliefs of organized christianity and wanted to rid religion of superstition and promote tolerance
Importance of the Individual - People began to use their own reasoning skills to judge right from wrong. They emphasized the individual in society
Salons - large social gatherings where people met in the home of a wealthy person and discussed events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and exchanged ideas as well as enjoyed artistic performances
Art and literature:
Baroque - grand ornate style of the 1600’s
Neoclassical - “new” classical style reflects roman and greek influences in the 1700s
Classical music - Mozart and Beethoven
Nobels - lengthy books of prose fiction
Enlightened Despots - an absolute ruler who begins making enlightened changes to the government
Example:
Frederick the Great:
He granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education
He reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture
Example:
Catherine the Great:
Ruler of Russia from 1762-1796
Allowed religious toleration.
Abolished torture and capital punishment
Expanded the Russian Empire by taking control of the black sea and land of East Europe including Poland
American Revolution:
The Enlightenment Caused the 13 colonies to revolt against Britain
The colonists felt they were not represented in Parliament and claimed “taxation without representation”
Americans create a republic:
1st the colonists created the articles of confederation but was not strong enough to unit the 13 colonies
2nd - wrote the US constitution
Federal system - power was divided between the states and federal government
Separation of powers: 3 branches - legislative, executive, and judicial
Bill of rights - amendments that protect individuals liberties
Silver and Global Commerce (And Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan):
Early 1700s
Japan becomes unified under a Shogun (supreme military leader) who hailed from the Tokugawa clan
The shogun expelled christian missionaries and killed all the christians
Japan's results of their Silver trade
The Tokugawa shoguns, used silver generated profits to defeat rival feudal lords and unite the country
The Japanese began to protect their dwindling forests and millions of families had less children to control population numbers
This set a good foundation for Japan's wealth due to their industrial revolution in the 1800s
Silver and Global commerce:
Major silver mines were found in Japan and Bolivia
Spain produced 85% of the worlds silver during the 1500s-1700s
Spain would then pack the silver onto boats and ship it to manilla, and the Philippines would disperse it among China
The silver supply ended up in China, being called the worlds “silver drain”
Silver Trade:
Chinese, dutch, and portuguese traders flocked to Manilla to sell Chinese goods in exchange for silver
European ships carried Japanese silver to China
Most of the silver shipped across the Atlantic to Spain was sent throughout Europe and used to pay for the Asian goods that the french, british, and dutch so greatly desired
Silver paid for some African slaves and spices in Southeast Asia
Potisi silver mines and Spain's wealth:
Potosi was the site of a huge silver mine in what is now Bolivia
General Crisis - the flood of South American silver into Europe, drove prices higher in Europe impoverished many, caused uprising across Europe, and the cooling of the Little Ice Age caused instability and upheaval in the 1700s