APWH Unit 0

Paleolithic era The long period during which human societies sustained themselves through

gathering, hunting, and fishing without the practice of agriculture. Such ways of

living persisted well after the advent of agriculture in many places.

2. Pastoral society Based on an alternative kind of food-producing economy focused on the raising

of livestock, pastoral societies emerged in the Afro-Eurasian world where settled

agriculture was difficult or impossible. Pastoral peoples often led their animals to

seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.

3. chiefdom A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual

status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.

4. patriarchy A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family

and in society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive

warfare, and private property.

5. Hinduism A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in

India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as

a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity.

6. Upanishads Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 b.c.e. (pron.

oo-PAHN-ee-shahds)

7. Siddhartha Gautama

The Indian prince whose exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path

to Enlightenment, which became the basis for the emerging religious tradition of

Buddhism; lived ca. 566–ca. 486 b.c.e. (pron. sidd-ARTH-uh gow-TAHM-uh)

8. Theravada Buddhism

“Teaching of the Elders,” the early form of Buddhism according to which the

Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.

(pron. THAIR-ah-VAH-dah)

9. Mahayana Buddhism

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Strayer, Ways of the World with Sources for the AP® Modern Course, 4E - Chapter 1

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“Great Vehicle,” the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of

the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to

compassion and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.

10. bhakti movement Meaning “worship,” this Hindu movement began in south India and moved

northward between 600 and 1000 c.e.; it involved the intense adoration of and

identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. (pron.

BAHK-tee)

11. Confucianism The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.

12. Han dynasty The Chinese dynasty (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) that emerged after the Qin dynasty

collapsed, establishing political and cultural patterns that lasted into the twentieth

century.

13. Daoism A Chinese philosophy / popular religion that advocates a simple and unpretentious

way of living and alignment with the natural world, founded by the legendary figure

Laozi. (pron. dow-ism)

14. Judaism The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.

15. Jesus of Nazareth A peasant/artisan “wisdom teacher” and Jewish mystic (ca. 4 b.c.e.–29 c.e.) whose

life, teachings, death, and alleged resurrection gave rise to the new religion of

Christianity.

16. Saint Paul An early convert and missionary (ca. 6–67 c.e.) and the first great popularizer of

Christianity, especially to Gentile (non-Jewish) communities.

17. Muhammad Ibn

Abdullah

(570–632 c.e.) The Prophet and founder of Islam whose religious revelations

became the Quran, bringing a radically monotheistic religion to Arabia and the

world.

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18. Quran. Also transliterated as Qur’án and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, which

records the words of God through revelations given to the Prophet Muhammad.

19. umma The community of all believers in Islam, bound by common belief rather than

territory, language, or tribe. (pron. OOM-mah)

20. ulama Islamic religious scholars, both Sunni and Shia, who shaped and transmitted the

core teachings of Islamic civilization.

21. Sufism An understanding of the Islamic faith that saw the worldly success of Islamic

civilization as a distraction and deviation from the purer spirituality of Muhammad’s

time. By renouncing the material world, meditating on the words of the Quran,

chanting the names of God, using music and dance, and venerating Muhammad

and various “saints,” Sufis pursued an interior life, seeking to tame the ego and

achieve spiritual union with Allah.

22. Silk Roads Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named

after the most famous product traded along these routes.

23. Sea Roads The world’s largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before

1500 c.e. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.

24. Sand Roads A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior

West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world.