13. Predictive validity: The extent to which a score on a test or assessment can accurately forecast future performance or behavior on a related criterion. For example, SAT scores are used to predict a student's future academic performance in college.
14. Psychometricians: Professionals, typically with advanced degrees in psychology or education, who specialize in the theory, design, development, and validation of psychological tests and assessments to measure human attributes such as knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality traits.
15. Psychometrics: The field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. It involves developing and analyzing the reliability, validity, and fairness of instruments like tests and questionnaires.
16. Standardized tests: Assessments administered and scored in a consistent, uniform manner for all test-takers to ensure comparability of results. These tests are often used to establish norms against which individual performance can be measured.
17. Stereotype lift: A performance boost experienced by members of a non-stereotyped group when they compare their performance with members of a group that is negatively stereotyped for a particular task. It often occurs due to increased self-efficacy and downward social comparison.
18. Stereotype threat: The experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group. This anxiety can divert cognitive resources, leading to reduced performance on relevant tasks.
19. Test reliability: The consistency or stability of a test's results over time or across different items or raters. A reliable test produces similar results under the same conditions, minimizing random errors of measurement.
20. Test validity: The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure and the appropriateness of the inferences and conclusions drawn from its results. Reliability is a necessary precondition for validity, but a reliable test is not automatically valid.
21. Test-retest reliability: A method for determining the consistency of a test by administering the same test to the same group of people on separate occasions and comparing the scores. High correlation between the two administrations indicates good stability over time.