English Final

What are The 8 Parts of Speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, adverbs

ex.)

Noun: person, place, thing, or idea

ex.) firefighter, dog, flower

Pronoun: a word that is used in place of a noun

ex.) she, her, he, him, they, them

Verbs: an action word

ex.) run, jump, skip

Adjective: a word used to modify/describe a noun

ex.) pretty, purple, big, small

Prepositions: Little words that are used in a simple sentence to show the connection between nouns, pronouns, or to join parts of a clause or a sentence

ex.) behind, between, underneath, over

Conjunctions: a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause

ex.) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, 

Interjections: Not grammatically connected to the sentence, generally expresses strong emotion

ex.) I like croissants, Wait! No, I like ice cream more.

What are the 4 Types of Sentences: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, exclamatory

Declarative: makes a statement

ex.) I love ice cream.

Imperative: gives a command

ex.) Get me milk!

Exclamatory: expresses emotion

ex.) I want that jellycat!

Interrogative: Asks a question

ex.) Do you like the beach street restaurant?

What are the Four Sentence Structures:

simple sentence: a sentence that has one independent clause and no subordinate clause.

ex.) I like tacos

compound sentence: a sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses, usually consisting of a comma and conjunctions.

ex.) I like tacos, but I also like burritos. 

complex sentence:  a sentence that contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause

ex.) when she won, everyone clapped

compound-complex sentence: a sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause

ex.) There is an important meeting, so Belinda must be at work today, but she is feeling sick.

What are the 13 rules of punctuation:

1. Every declarative sentence must end with a period/full stop

2. Capitalize the first letter of a sentence.

3. Capitalize proper nouns

4. Do not use an apostrophe to form a plural

5. Apostrophes are used for contractions or to show possession

6. Every question or interrogative sentence must end with a question mark.

7. Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence to express excitement, strong emotion, or sense of urgency.

8. Use commas to separate items in a series of three or more things

9. Use a comma to separate items in a series of three or more things

10. Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses when they are joined by following conjunctions.

11. Use a colon to introduce a list of items

12. Use a hyphen to join two or more words that serve as a single adjective before a noun

13. Use a hyphen with compound numbers between 21 and 99

What are abbreviations: an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word and is used to take up less space.

ex.)

For titles of people/Professions: engineer-Engr. Doctor-Dr. Mister-Mr.

For Months of the Year: January–Jan. February–Feb. October—Oct.

For Days of the week: Monday-Mon. Tuesday-Tues. Wednesday–Wed.

Units of Measure: pound—lb. Gram—g. Centimeters—-cm.

Personal Names: I.M. Pei, J.C. Watts

Titles Used with names: Mr. Mrs. Ms. Ph.D

Organizations: Assn. Corp. Inc. Co.

Times: A.M. P.M. 

Addresses: Blvd. St. Ct. Ave. Rd. 

Geographical Names: St. Paul, Ark. D.C.

What are the rules of commas:

1. Always use commas to separate items in a series or list

2. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives. Only if you put the word “and” between them.

3. Use a comma before and after an appositive. An appositive is a noun that renames another noun

4.  Use a comma before and after words used to interrupt a sentence

5. Use a comma when addressing someone

What is a Colon: A colon is is used to provide a list,  and quote other people

ex.) Can you get me these items: Milk, carrots, butter, dill, basil, tomatoes, and bananas?

What are the Colon Rules:

• A colon is most commonly used to link in a single sentence two independent clauses that are closely related in thought

• Use a colon between two independent clauses that are connected by conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases.

What is a semicolon: a semicolon is a part period and part comma. Like a period, it separates complete thoughts. And like a comma, it can separate items within a sentence.

ex.) I like going to the park ; it is pretty quiet there.

What are the 4 semicolon rules:

1. Semicolons connect related independent clauses

ex.) I’m gonna have this milkshake ; life is too short to worry about lactose intolerance.

2. Skip coordinating conjunctions when using a semicolon.

ex.) I like tacos; he likes pizza

3. Use semicolons in a serial list

ex.) I have 3 siblings, Tommy, who likes baseball; Lydia, who sings; and Caleb, who likes soccer.

4. Use semicolons with conjunctive adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs are Moreover, Nevertheless, However, Then, likewise, Therefore.

ex.) I need to go for a run; also, I need to go to the supermarket.

What is an adjective: An adjective is a word that describes a noun

ex.) The blue butterfly landed on the small flower

What is an adjective phrase: A prepositional phrase that describes a noun or pronoun

ex.) Lucy walked in a park full of purple flowers

What are prepositions: a word that shows relationships between a noun and a pronoun and another word in the sentence

ex.) The butterfly is above the flower

What are prepositional phrases:  a phrase that includes a preposition, the object of a preposition, and any modifiers of that object.

ex.) The girl from Italy spoke Italian

What are the FANBOYS:  a group words used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause

ex.) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, 

What are adverbs: an adverb is a modifying word that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

ex.) silently tiptoed

What is an adverb phrase: a phrase including an adverb

ex.) Lydia silently tiptoed.

What are transitional words: transition words are words, phrases, or sentences that connect one idea to another. They help us bridge ideas.

ex.) I like burritos, similarly, my sister likes them too.

What are ways to use transitional words: 

To add to an idea

To compare ideas

To show cause/effect

To contrast ideas

To show time or sequence

What is a relative pronoun?

a pronoun that introduces a relative clause, which provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. 

ex.) who, whom, whose, which, that, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever

What is a relative clause:

A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase. It functions like an adjective, providing additional information about the noun.

ex.) The dog that I found is so cute. (The relative clause "that I found" modifies "dog")

What is an antecedent:

an antecedent is a word or phrase that a pronoun is pointing back to or referring to in a sentence, or anything that comes before something else in time or sequence

ex.) "The cat sat on the mat, and it purred." In this sentence, "the cat" is the antecedent of the pronoun "it.”

What is a hyphen:

A hyphen is a mark that is used to form compound words, it’s in compound adjectives, to indicate time range, to separate numbers like 22-99, and with prefixes and suffixes.

ex.) lunch is at 12:45-1:30.

What is an apostrophe:

A mark (‘) used to form contractions and to show possession in writing.

ex.) don’t touch that!-(don’t is do not but an apostrophe makes it don’t)

ex.) Jane’s house.-(Jane’s house shows possession)

What is underlined and italicized:

Titles: underlining is used to separate book titles. Use commas before and after. You usually underline Newspapers, magazines, plays, and television series. In writing you underline to show italicization. 

ex.) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's stone, by J.K. Rowling.

What are quotation marks:

Quotation marks are used to show who is speaking, and is also used in writing for names of poems and songs. Commas go inside quotation marks.

ex.) I like the song “Snooze,” by SZA.