Chapter 3 and 4

Chapter 3

• Directional Terms

  • Rostral/Anterior (same)

    • Located near or towards the head in central nervous system

    • toward the beak; with respect to the central nervous system in a direction along neuraxins towards the front of the face; toward side of body away from middle

  • Caudal/Posterior (same)

    • Located near or toward the tail in CNS

    • toward the tail; with respect to the CNS, in a direction along neuraxins away from front face

  • Dorsal

    • Toward the back; with respect to the CNS, in a direction perpendicular to neuraxins toward top of head or back

  • Ventral

    • relating to or situated on or close to the abdomen

    • relating to or situated on or close to the anterior aspect of the human body or the lower surface of the body of an animal

  • Medial

    • Toward middle of the body, away from side

  • Lateral

    • Of, relating to, or situated at or on the side

  • Ipsilateral

    • refers to structures on same side of body

    • (ipsi means same)

  • Contralateral

    • refers to structures on opposite sides of body

• Protections of the CNS

  • Skull and vertebral column

  • vertebrae —> Spinal Cord is protected by Segmented Vertebra

    • cervical

      • Cervical Vertebra —> back of the neck

    • thoracic

      • Thoracic Vertebra —> chest region

    • lumbar

      • Lumbar —> lower back

    • sacral

      • coccyx —> tailbone

  

  • Spinal Cord —> the cord of nervous tissue that extends from the brain lengthwise along the back in the spinal canal, giving off pairs of spinal nerves, carrying impulse to and from the brain, and serving as a center for initiating and coordinating many reflex acts.

  • Meninges (FYI) —→ three layers of tissue that encase the CNS

    • Pia matter —> inner most layer of the meninges that clings to surface of brain; thin and delicate

    • Arachnoid Membrane —> middle layer, in between pia matter and dura matter

    • Dura Matter —> outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible exterior

  • Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

    • cushions against a blow

    • brain floating in water, so weighs less

    • Clear Fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills ventricular system of brain and subarachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord

• Division of Brain

  

  • Forebrain

    • cerebral cortex —> outermost layer of gray matter of cerebral hemispheres

      • Primary visual cortex

        • region of posterior occipital lobe

        • primary input from visual system

      • Primary auditory cortex

        • region of superior temporal lobe

        • primary input from auditory system

      • Lateral Fissure

        • Fissure that separates temporal lobe from overlying frontal and parietal lobes

      • Central Sulcus

        • Sulcus that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

    • sulci —> small grooves

    • Fissures —> large grooves

    • gyri (fyi) —> bulges

    • Gray Matter —> consist of neuronal cells bodies, neutrophil, glial cells, synapses, and capillaries.

      • primarily responsible for processing and interpreting information int he brain.

    • White Matter —> composed of myelinated axons which are extensions of nerve cells.

      • located deeper in the tissues of the brain, spinal cod, and beneath the grey matter.

      • Crucial for coordinating communication between parts of the brain

    • Lobes and Association Areas:

      • Frontal

        • prefrontal cortex —> planning, strategies, critical thinking

        • impulse control, especially for regulating emotions

        • personality; sense of self

        • motor cortex —> intentional, voluntary movement

        • anterior portion of cerebral cortex, rostral to parietal lobe and dorsal to temporal lobe;

      • Parietal

        • process touch, temperature, pressures

        • region of cerebral cortex caudal to frontal lobe and dorsal to temporal

      • Occipital

        • processes visual input

        • region of cerebral cortex caudal to parietal and temporal lobes

      • Temporal

        • processes auditory input

        • processes visual memories

        • region of cerebral cortex rostral to occipital lobe and ventral to parietal and frontal lobes

    • Thalamus

    • Hypothalamus

    • pituitary gland

    • basal ganglia

    • Limbic System

      • amygdala

      • Hippocampus

      • septum

      • formix

      • mammillary bodies

  • Midbrain

    • Superior Colliculi

      • Inferior Colliculi

    • Reticular Formation

  • Hindbrain:

    • Pons

    • Cerebellum

    • Medulla Oblongata

• Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain

  • spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Somatic

  • Autonomic

    • parasympathetic

    • sympathetic

Chapter 4

• Principles of Psychopharmacology

  • drug effect

  • site of action

  • routes of administration

    • IV

    • IP

    • SC

    • Oral

    • Sublingual

    • Intrarectal

    • Inhalation

    • Topical

    • Intracerebral

    • IVC

  • Inactivation and Excretion

    • Inactivation:

    • Excretion:

• Drug Effectiveness

  • Dose-response curve

  • therapeutic index

  • margin of safety

• Effects of Repeated Administration

  • tolerance

  • sensitization

  • withdrawal

  • placebo effects

• Sites of Drug Action

  • antagonists

  • Agonists

• Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

  • Acetylcholine

  • dopamine

  • epinephrine/Norepinephrine

  • Serotonin

  • GABA

  • Endocannabinoids

Chapter 16

• Terms

  • Addiction

  • Positive reinforcement

  • negative reinforcement

  • tolerance

  • withdrawal

• Simulant drugs

  • cocaine

  • amphetamine

  • nicotine

• Depressant drugs

  • alcohol

• Cannabis THC