Chapter 18 Part 2

Instrument of Power

  • The fourth instrument of power is not explicitly discussed in textbooks.

  • Power is derived from various sources: military, national security data, economic data, cultural data, etc.

  • The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) coordinates various intelligence agencies established post-9/11.

DIME Acronym

  • In military terminology, the instruments of power are categorized as:

    • Diplomatic: Engaging with other nations and states diplomatically.

    • Informational: Utilizing information effectively to influence others.

    • Military: The application of military force when necessary.

    • Economic: Leveraging economic tools and sanctions in foreign policy.

  • Effective foreign policy requires the coordinated use of all four instruments.

Global Actors in Foreign Policy

  • Approximately 200 recognized nations exist globally, along with international organizations influencing foreign affairs.

  • United Nations (UN) is a key player, comprising various organizations:

    • General Assembly: Every recognized nation has one vote, but these votes are non-binding.

    • Security Council: Holds significant power within the UN framework.

Multinational Corporations

  • Many corporations operate on a global scale, impacting international affairs due to their economic influence:

    • Examples include:

    • Coca Cola, Visa, Ford, Apple, Google, Toyota, Sony, Pfizer, Samsung.

  • These entities engage in operations across borders, influencing local economies and policies.

Global Activist Organizations

  • Various organizations play significant roles in humanitarian efforts and policy influence:

    • Doctors Without Borders: Provides medical aid in emergencies.

    • International Committee for the Red Cross: Works in conflict zones and disaster relief.

    • UN Agencies: Tackle specific global issues.

Insurgency vs. Terrorism

  • Insurgency:

    • Defined as a movement aiming to change a political system through organized resistance.

    • Targets specific oppressive systems to redistribute power.

  • Terrorism:

    • Defined as the use of violence to instill fear in a civilian population.

    • Targets civilians rather than military entities and can be politically or ideologically motivated.

Risk of Violence Globally

  • An overview of global violence risk, with emphasis on politically unstable regions, especially in Central and South America.

U.S. Foreign Policy Makers

  • The President of the U.S. serves as:

    • Chief Diplomat: Responsible for setting national foreign policy.

    • Commander-in-Chief: Maintains civilian control over the military.

    • Treaty-making power, although often prefers executive agreements for efficiency.

National Security Establishment

  • National Command Authority (NCA) comprises:

    • President

    • Secretary of Defense: Key advisor on security policy matters.

    • National Security Council: Provides advice and civilian oversight, with military input.

Military Structure

  • U.S. military structure includes:

    • Military Departments: Army, Navy, Air Force, Space Force.

    • Unified Commands: Combat and operational commands (e.g., Pacific Command, European Command).

  • Joint Chiefs of Staff oversee military operations and strategic decisions.

    • Funding needs presidential approval and congressional laws also influence foreign policy, such as export controls for sensitive technologies.