NCM-103-lesson-1

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Concept of Man

  • Understanding "Man" is a primary foundation of nursing.

  • It is essential in providing individualized, holistic, and quality nursing care.

4 major qualities of Human Beings:

  1. Have the capacity to think or conceptualize on the abstract level.

  2. Embark on the Family Formation.

  3. Tend to seek and maintain a territory.

  4. Have the ability to use verbal symbols as language, a means of developing and maintaining culture.

Family Formation

  • The process of creating relationships between oneself and at least one other individual allows the exchange of resources and responsibilities.

Nursing Concepts of Man

  1. Man is a Biopsychosocial and Spiritual being who is in constant contact with the environment. (Roy)

  2. Man is an open system in constant interaction with a changing environment. (Roy, Levine)

  3. Man is a unified whole composed of parts that are interdependent and interrelated with each other. (Roger)

  4. Man is composed of parts that are greater than and different from the sum of all his parts. (Rogers)

  5. MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and his dignity and worth will not be lessened even if one of these parts is missing (Martha Rogers)

  6. Man is composed of subsystems and supra-systems. (Martha Rogers)

  7. Man is an individual with vital reparative processes to deal with disease and desirous of health but passive in terms of influencing the environment or nurse (Florence Nightingale)

  8. Man is a whole, complete and independent being who has 14 fundamental needs. (Henderson)

  9. Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially and who initiates and performs self-care activities on his own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being (Orem)

The "biopsychosocial (BPS) model"

  • Emphasizes the interconnection between biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors.

  • Demonstrates the importance of maintaining wellness in all aspects of our lives.

According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man.

  • As a spiritual being and Biologic being, Man are all alike.

  • As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike.

  • This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory.

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that man is

  • Biological being (e.g. genetics, brain chemistry, and brain damage)

  • Social being (e.g. life traumas and stresses, early life experiences, and family relationships)

  • Psychological being (e.g. how we interpret events as signifying something negative about ourselves)

Nursing Concepts of Man

  1. Man is an open system in constant interaction with a changing environment.

  • Human beings interact with the outside systems as well as with other organisms.

  • Our functioning depends highly on these interactions.

  • Humans exchange both matter and energy with an outside system.

  • We receive stress and we can give stress.

  • We give help as well as receive help.

  • As an open system (according to Roy), man continuously allows input from the environment.

  • For example, when you tell me I am good looking, I will be happy the entire day.

  • Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment.

  • A closed system does not allow inputs and output in its environment.

  • A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE.

  • When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion.

  1. Man is a unified whole composed of parts that are interdependent and interrelated with each other. (Roger)

  • Patients are considered "unitary human beings," who cannot be divided into parts but looked as a whole.

  • According to Rogers's model, patients can participate knowingly in the process of change.

  • The environment is also irreducible (complex, difficult) and coexists with unitary human beings.

  • This becomes a challenge to both human beings and the healthcare provider.

  1. Man is composed of parts that are greater than and different from the sum of all his parts.

  • This means that one aspect of someone's life is not greater than the whole body as a whole.

  • The whole person is believed to be made up of many aspects: physical health and fitness, mental health, emotional health, spirituality, social life, environmental and occupation aspects, etc.

  • In the health sector, for instance, health providers have been advised not to treat people's diseases alone but to take cognizance of the person as a whole.

  • The health aspect is just one of the life aspects of a patient.

  1. MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and his dignity and worth will not be lessened even if one of these parts is missing (Martha Rogers)

  2. Man is composed of subsystems and supra-systems. (Rogers)

  • Anne Boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead England to their GOLDEN AGE. 55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems.

  • Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs, and systems while the suprasystems are family, society, and community.

  1. Man is an individual with vital reparative processes to deal with disease and desirous of health but passive in terms of influencing the environment or nurse (Florence Nightingale)

  2. Man is a whole, complete and independent being who has 14 fundamental needs. (Henderson)

  • Physiological Components

    • Breathe normally

    • Eat and drink adequately

    • Eliminate body wastes

    • Move and maintain desirable postures

    • Sleep and rest

    • Select suitable clothes – dress and undress

    • Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment

    • Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protected the integument

    • Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

  • Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning

    • Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.

    • Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.

  • Spiritual and Moral

    • Worship according to one's faith

  • Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation

    • Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment

    • Play or participate in various forms of recreation

  1. Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and socially and who initiates and performs self-care activities on his own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being (Orem)

Basic Needs of Man

  • Individuals are unique but have a common and certain need.

  • A need is something desirable and necessary & useful.

  • Human needs are physiological or psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a state of health or well-being.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Self-actualization

  • Self-esteem

  • Love and belonging

  • Safety and Security

  • Physiological

Maslow's Hierarchy of Physiologic Needs

  • Oxygenation

  • Temperature maintenance

  • Nutrition/fluids

  • Pain avoidance

  • Rest/sleep

Characteristics of Basic Human Needs

  • According to Maslow, the self-actualized person:

    • Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science, etc.

    • Desires privacy, autonomous

    • Problem-centered - But does not follow the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth

  1. Needs are universal

  2. Needs may be met in different ways

  3. Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factors