*Hull's Theory of Motivation

Adaptive Significance: How a trait or behavior improves survival + reproduction.
Motivation evolved to solve adaptive problems:
- Hunger/Thirst \rightarrow Survival
- Sexual Drive \rightarrow Reproduction
- Fear/Avoidance \rightarrow Protection
- Parental Care \rightarrow Offspring
- Belonging/Social Bonds \rightarrow Cooperation + Safety
- Status/Power \rightarrow Resources + Friends
Motivation is comprised of survival and reproduction mechanisms, wired by evolution.

Homeostasis: The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal balance (e.g., temperature, blood sugar, hydration).
Drive: The psychological state of tension or arousal that arises when homeostasis is disrupted.
Relationship: Homeostasis is the goal (balance); drive is the motivational push to correct the imbalance. Drives act as the "motivational engine that kicks in when homeostasis is disrupted.

According to expectancy value theory, people might respond differently to the same incentive because motivation is determined by two factors:
- Theory: Motivation = (Expectancy of Success) X (Value of Goal)
Incentives only motivate individuals who:
- a) Believe they can succeed (have a high expectancy of success).
- b) Care about the goal (assign a high value to the goal).
If either the belief/expectancy of success is 0 or the incentive value is 0, then the motivation or effort will be 0.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Three Needs: Autonomy (control of actions/choices), Competence (effective/skilled), Relatedness (connected/belonging).
Impact: Satisfied needs strengthen intrinsic motivation; blocked needs weaken it.