AP Psych: Intelligence

Words to know:

  • Hyperthymesia

  • Infantile amnesia

  • Confabulation

  • Mandela effect

  • Imagination inflation

  • Constructive memory

  • Gaslighting

  • Memory palace

    • Method of loci


Ask ananya which questions will be on the test


Randoms/Test:

  • Mensa IQ Test


Question 1.


Galton:


Binet: Created the world’s first intelligence test to figure out which students in his school required help in learning things more effectively.

  • People started to say that they wanted the highest scorers to become their lawyers, factory managers, military officers, etc.


Terman: Translated Binet’s intelligence test into the test called the “Stanford-Binet” test.

  • Created a test with images and other things to figure out who was more mentally competent.

  • Also tried to use the test for not only children, but adults as well.


Term “Intelligence Quotient” was coined by Stern, and used by others to figure out the intelligence and mental competence of people as “grades” for their intelligence.

  • Labeled each level of intelligence:

    • 130+: Gifted, genius

    • 100-130: Above average

    • 100 (Common): Average

    • 70-100: Below average

    • 50-70 (Mild): Moron

    • 25-50: Imbecile

    • Below 25 (Severe): Idiot

  • Anything from 70 and below is mental retardation or cognitively disabled


Self fulfilling prophecy: Children at a young age who realized that they were genius or above average level, they would stop trying in class since they’re believing themselves to be genius, and the students who were dumb would just give up

  • This is why schools don’t do public IQ tests for their students anymore


Question 2.


Cattell’s intelligences:


Crystalized intelligence: Knowledge that a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge.

  • It will grow more as you age, so older people will have more of a crystalized intelligence

  • Measured by vocabulary and math tests (general info tests)


Fluid intelligence: Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems, critical thinking and problem solving, etc.

  • It will grow less and decrease as you age, so older people have less of a fluid intelligence

  • Better in younger people

  • Measured by tests of block design and spatial reasoning


Question 3.


Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory (somewhat criticized):


Practical intelligence: Ability to cope with the people and events in their environment

  • Street smarts & Common sense

  • Someone who seems wise, but has never been very successful in life


Analytical intelligence: Logical reasoning

  • Measured by most tests

  • Analyse problems & find correct answers


Creative intelligence: Ability to use creativity to do things

  • Involves insight & creativity

  • Develop new ideas & see new relationships among concepts


Question 4. 


G factor theory (general intelligence factor): Construct in the measuring of intelligence that refers to the idea that the existence of a broader mental capacity (general intelligence), can account for positive correlations among cognitive abilities.

  • Theorized by Spearman


Question 5.


Gardner’s theory: Suggests that human intelligence has different “categories” and can be differentiated into multiple modalities.

  • Believed that intelligence was not general and that there are different, specific types of it, other than just book, street, and creative types.

  • 7 major intelligences, 3 minor ones



6 & 7 are related to emotional intelligence (EQ): intERpersonal (politicians, socialites, etc.)  & intRApersonal (reflective, knowing oneself, etc.)


Thurstone & Guilford: 2 people that largely influenced Gardner’s theory and the other main people proposing multiple intelligences.


4 abilities that underline emotional intelligence:

  • Perceiving emotions: recognizing them in faces, music, and stories, and identifying one’s own emotions

  • Understanding emotions: predicting them and how they may change and blend over time

  • Managing emotions: knowing how to express them in varied situations, and how to manage others’ emotions

  • Using emotions: to facilitate adaptive or creative thinking


Question 6.


Achievement test: What did you learn?

  • EX: AP Exams


Aptitude test: What well will you do?

  • EX: S.A.T.


Wechsler’s W.I.S.C.: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children


Wechsler’s W.A.I.S.: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale


Question 7.


Standardization: standardized towards “norms”

  • “Achievement” vs “aptitude”


Reliability: Consistent results every time the test is taken

  • “Split-half reliability” etc.


Validity: Test accurately measures what it should

  • “Construct validity” etc.


Question 8.


Test-retest reliability: The same test is taken again to see if the information is retained


Split-half reliability: Different versions of the test are given to people and the results are compared

  • A method of estimating reliability by dividing a test into two halves and measuring the correlation between the scores of each half




Question 9.


Face validity: It looks like what it should look like; looks like what you would expect it to look like

  • EX: Walking into your AP Psychology class and taking a AP Psychology test, which is expected


Construct validity: How accurately a test measures/assesses what it’s supposed to

  • EX: Schizophrenia

  • EX: Dementia


Predictive validity: It’s when something’s result to a task/assessment  will determine whether or not a result will occur due to that assessment

  • EX: Good SAT score → Good college


Question 10.


Flynn effect: When comparing the IQ scores of different generations, something interesting has shown up, it’s that each generation is smarter than the last -- Having to revise tests for smarter generations

  • Gen Alpha is the generation that has gone against the flynn effect, as they’re showing that the average IQ is lower than Gen Z

  • COVID 19 distance caused a lack of interest and interaction, and now kids are easily distracted by their technology and use it for everything they need to do


Reason for Flynn effect: Utilizing and building on the previous generations, better nutrition, technological and educational advancements, etc.


3rd grade is the most important grade for child development.*


Question 11.


Culture-fair tests: a test based on common human experience and considered to be relatively unbiased with respect to special background influences.


Stereotype threat: refers to the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group.


Stereotype lift: an increase in a group's test performance due to not being part of a negative stereotype.


Question 12.


Fixed mindset: the belief that abilities are innate and unchangeable.


Growth mindset: the belief that one's abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and perseverance.


Question 13.


Longitudinal study: Study following someone/something over a long period of time to track and observe developments (marshmallow study).


Cross sectional study: Compare people of different ages at the same point in time

  • Not following the same person, so not getting “pure” results


Question 14.


Grit: Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

  • The secret ingredient to true success