APUSH Period 4 Notes

APUSH Period 4: 1800-1848

Revolution of 1800:
- First peaceful transition of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans).
Louisiana Purchase:
- Expanded U.S. territory significantly.
Lewis & Clark Expedition:
- Exploration of the Louisiana Purchase territory.
Barbary Pirates:
- Conflict leading to development of the U.S. Navy.
Embargo Act:
- Response to British and French impressment of American sailors.
- Led to the growth of American industry due to a decrease in foreign goods because of the Embargo Act.
Ograbme Cartoon: Political commentary on the effects of the Embargo Act. The cartoon depicts a snapping turtle, labeled "Ograbme" (Embargo spelled backward), biting a merchant who is trying to get around the embargo.

Chief Justice John Marshall:
- Federalist appointed by John Adams.
Marbury v. Madison (1803):
- Established Judicial Review: the Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):
- Upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824):
- Affirmed federal control over interstate commerce.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832):
- Ruled that states could not regulate Native American tribes on tribal lands.
- Andrew Jackson ignored this ruling.

Causes:
- Impressment of American sailors by the British.
- British support for Native American resistance on the frontier.
- Influence of War Hawks in Congress, who desired territorial expansion.
Hartford Convention:
- Meeting of Federalists who opposed the war; led to the decline of the Federalist Party.
Star-Spangled Banner:
- Written during the war after the bombardment of Fort McHenry.
Treaty of Ghent (1814):
- Ended War of 1812; resolved some issues but left others unaddressed.
Battle of New Orleans (1815):
- American victory led by Andrew Jackson; boosted national pride.
- Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero.

Innovations:
- Textile Machines & Mills:
  - Mechanized production of textiles, leading to factory system (e.g., Lowell Mills).
- Agriculture:
  - Cotton Gin: increased cotton production and demand for slave labor.
- Transportation:
  - Railroad: Faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people.
  - Steamboat/Canals: Improved river and canal transportation.
  - Telegraph: Revolutionized communication.
- Labor:
  - Shift to unskilled labor and wage system.
  - Women, children, and immigrants increasingly entered the workforce.

Monroe Doctrine (1823):
- Warned European powers against further colonization or intervention in the Americas.
Sectionalism:
- Increasing tensions between North and South over issues like slavery and tariffs.
Missouri Compromise (1820):
- Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
- Established the 36°30' line as the boundary for future states regarding slavery (slavery prohibited north of this line, except for Missouri).
- Attempted to maintain a balance between free and slave states in the Senate.
Henry Clay's American System:
- Protective Tariff: To promote American industry.
- 2nd National Bank: To stabilize the economy.
- Internal Improvements: Federal funding for roads, canals, and other infrastructure projects.

Irish Immigration:
- Driven by the Potato Famine.
- Settled in cities, often facing poverty and discrimination.
- Typically Catholic.
German Immigration:
- Driven by political revolutions and economic opportunities.
- Moved to farms in the Midwest.
Nativism:
- Anti-immigrant sentiment and discrimination.
- Know-Nothing Party: Political party formed to oppose immigration.

"Corrupt Bargain": Refers to the election of 1824 in which Henry Clay allegedly supported John Quincy Adams in exchange for being named Secretary of State and Andrew Jackson did not win the election.
Common Man:
- Jackson appealed to the common man, expanding political participation.
Tariff Crisis (1828/1832):
- High tariffs that angered the South, leading to the Nullification Crisis.
Force Bill:
- Authorized President Jackson to use military force to enforce federal laws in South Carolina after its attempted nullification.
Bank War:
- Jackson's opposition to the Second Bank of the United States.
Indian Removal Act (1830):
- Forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands.
Formation of the Whig Party:
- Formed in opposition to Jackson's policies.
Panic of 1837:
- Economic depression during Martin Van Buren's presidency due to Jackson's economic policies.
Trail of Tears:
- Forced march of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma, resulting in many deaths.

Second Great Awakening:
- Religious revival that inspired social reform movements.
Seventh Day Adventist & Mormon Church: New religious movements that emerged during the Second Great Awakening.
Abolition Movement:
- Movement to end slavery.
Women's Rights:
- Movement for greater rights and opportunities for women.
Temperance:
- Movement to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption.
Education:
- Reforms aimed at improving public education.
Transcendentalism:
- Philosophical movement emphasizing individualism and a connection to nature.
Utopian Communities:
- Experiments in communal living based on various social and philosophical ideals.