Biology 112 Midterm Practical Review

Microscope

  • Pre-storage Actions: Clean and ensure it's properly stored.

  • Visibility Issues: Slides may be obscured due to improper lighting, focus, or slide placement.

  • Parts & Functions:

    • Ocular lens

    • Arm

    • Rotating nosepiece

    • Objective lenses (4x, 10x, 40x)

    • Stage & clips

    • Mechanical stage control

    • Fine & coarse focus

    • Light control

    • Condenser & iris diaphragm lever

Body Cavities & Regions

  • Identify: Thoracic, abdominal, cranial, and vertebral cavities; serous membranes covering heart, lungs, and abdominal organs.

  • Directional Terminology Examples:

    • Hand is distal to shoulder.

    • Spinal cord is medial to heart.

  • Anatomical Regions: Understand all listed regions (e.g., abdominal, acromial).

Cell Organelles

  • Essential Organelles: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleolus, ribosomes, mitochondria among others with their respective functions.

  • Cell Cycle Stages: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Tissues

  • Epithelial Tissues: Simple squamous, columnar, cuboidal, pseudostratified, transitional.

  • Connective Tissues: Areolar, dense regular, cartilage types, adipose, blood, bone.

  • Muscle & Nervous Tissue: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac, and neurons.

Integumentary System

  • Skin Layers and Structures: Epidermis (stratum corneum, stratum basale), dermis, hypodermis, with associated structures like hair follicles and glands.

Skeletal System

  • Axial Bones and Features: Key bones of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs.

  • Appendicular Bones: Scapula, humerus, femur, and lower limb features.

Joint Movements

  • Types of Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, among others; be able to identify in diagrams.

Muscles to Identify

  • Key Muscles Listed: Frontalis, orbicularis oris, biceps, triceps, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and others in both upper and lower body.

Additional Tips

  • Review lab materials and ensure correct spelling of terms on practical.

Answers to Review Questions

  1. Microscope parts and their functions should include descriptions of each part’s purpose.

  2. Body cavities must be located on a diagram of the human body, specifically noting serous membranes.

  3. Cell organelles should detail their functions clearly.

  4. Identify tissue types based on structural characteristics in provided slides.

  5. Label the skin layers on a diagram with associated structures.

  6. Know the names and features of axial and appendicular skeletal bones.

  7. Demonstrate understanding of joint movement terminology through practical use of diagrams.

  8. Identify and label key muscles in both the upper and lower body based on real-life examples.

  9. Ensure terminology spelling is correct to provide complete answers in a practical setting.