Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Regional Terms

  • These terms are practical and appear in discussions of bones and muscles.
  • They are foundational, as structures are named based on these regional terms.
  • Frontal Region: Forehead, frontal bone, frontal lobe.
  • Temporal Lobe.
  • Occipital Region: Back of the head, occipital bone, occipital lobe.
  • Orbital Region: Eyes, eye orbits.
  • Nasal Region: Nasal cavity.
  • Oral Region: Oral cavity for the mouth.
  • Buccal Region.
  • Supraorbital Foramen: Above the eye orbit.
  • Infraorbital Foramen: Below the eye orbit.
  • Mental Region: Chin, mentalis muscle.

Neck

  • Cervical Region: Cervical vertebrae.
  • Knowing these regions is significant as these terms reappear when discussing structures in that region.

Brain Sections

  • A section refers to a slice or piece of the brain.
  • Brain sections are not always perfect, and preparation can vary.
  • The orientation of the section matters.

Types of Sections

  • Median Sagittal Section: A cut made down the middle, showing left and right sides; example is through reproductive organs
  • Frontal (Coronal) Section: Separates anterior (front) from posterior (back).
    • A frontal section of the heart.
  • Transverse (Horizontal) Section: Separates superior (top) from inferior (bottom).
    • A cross section of the spinal cord inside a vertebra is cut horizontally.
    • Cross Section: A cut directly across the body.
    • Longitudinal Section: A cut along the length of a structure, such as a blood vessel.

Body Cavities

  • Dorsal Cavity: Located on the back, contains the spinal cord and brain.
  • Ventral Cavity: Located towards the front, includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Serous Membranes and Fluids

  • Serous fluid is a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between organs and body walls.
  • Inflammation of serous membranes is often indicated by terms ending in "-itis."

Examples of Inflammation

Note: Typically, any word that ends in "itis" is an inflammation.

  • Pleurisy: Inflammation around the lungs (pleural cavity).
    Note: it's not called pleuritis but pleurisy.
  • Pericarditis: Inflammation around the heart (pericardial cavity).
  • Peritonitis: Inflammation around the peritoneal cavity (abdominopelvic cavity).
  • Myocardial friction rub: Pain around the heart due to inflammation in these membranes.

Terminology: Serosa vs. Serosi

  • Serosa is singular.
  • Serosi is plural.

Abdominopelvic Regions

  • The abdominopelvic area is divided into four quadrants and nine divisions, which are used medically by medical personnel.

Quadrants

  • Right Upper Quadrant
  • Left Upper Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant: Pain here may indicate appendicitis.
  • Left Lower Quadrant

Divisions

  • Right Iliac Region: for more specific location of pain.
  • Used to orient where some organs are located.
  • Large intestine goes through all quadrants.
  • Small intestine primarily in the umbilical region, with parts extending to the hypogastric/pubic region.

Additional Resources

  • Crash Course in Anatomy and Physiology with Hank Green: Offers great animations and scripts, presenting information quickly.

Feedback Loops

Negative Feedback Example: Body Temperature Regulation

  • Stimulus: Blood warming (temperature increase).
  • Receptor: Temperature receptor (thermoreceptor) in the hypothalamus.
  • Control Center: Hypothalamus (regulates autonomic function).
  • Effector: Sweat glands (can also be muscles or the source of the stimulus itself).
  • Response: Sweat is produced, leading to cooling.

Workbook and Keys

  • Keys to certain parts of the workbook are provided, but completing the workbook independently first is recommended.
  • Mistakes in the workbook are valuable for learning.
  • Copying down the keys without attempting the exercises is discouraged, as the struggle of completing the workbook aids in understanding and retention.