2ndvgad
LG 2.1
Selecting Planting Materials
Kinds and Varieties of Planting Materials
Plant Propagation, the process of reproducing plants. This can be done using planting materials.
Planting Materials, refers to plants or parts of a plant used to grow new plants. It can be classified into three types:
Seeds
Seedlings
Propagation Materials or Propagules
Seeds and Seedlings
Seed, a young undeveloped plant covered by a hard coating.
Seedlings, young plants that grow from seeds.
Propagation Materials or Propagules
Vegetative parts of plants such as leaves, stems, and roots used to grow new plants
Parts and Characteristics of Seeds
Characteristics of Good Quality Seeds
Varietal Purity, free from mixed varieties
Germination and Vigor, seeds that germinate 90% will establish more seedlings than those that germinate only at 70%
Mechanical Purity, pure seeds from mechanical injury
Uniformity of Size, seeds of uniform size are more likely to be similar in seedling vigor
Free from Seed-Borne Diseases, disease-free plants are expected to give better field performance than infected ones
Free from Mixture, free from mixture with other seeds and foreign matter
Types of Propagules
Suckers, a young plant that grows from the stem (Above or underground) of the same plant.
removed to avoid bushier plants
Tissue-Culture Plantlets, tiny fragments of plants treated for propagation in laboratories
Cutting, any plant parts (roots, stems, or leaves) when cut, can still grow into a new play
Rhizome, root-like stems that grow under the ground
stores nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins
Corm, swollen underground stems covered with dry scale-like leaves
can be cut into pieces and each piece can be planted to produce new plants
Grafted Material, plant that comes from the union of two different types of plants
Tuber, fleshy underground part of a plant is used to store plant food and nutrients
each of these buds can form a new plant genetically identical to the parent
Runner/Stolon, stems that creep straight above the ground
travel along the soil surface and can sprout new similar plants
Bulb, round-shape underground buds with fleshy leaves extending from their short stems
each bud has several other buds which eventually grow into new plants
Conducting Seed Testing
Seed Testing, method of determining the ability of the seeds to germinate
Seed germination, process whereby seeds may absorb water, increase water content, swell up and then seed coat ruptures and forms into a new plant
3 Common Method of Seed Testing
Ragdoll method, seeds are placed in a wet rolled towel to facilitate germination
Petri Dish / Plate Method, uses petri dishes and wet tissue to germinate the seeds
Seed Box Method, uses a seed box or seed tray with soil. The seeds are placed in the soil to germinate
Breaking Seed Dormancy
Seed Dormancy, condition wherein seeds had stopped from germinating despite being exposed in normal environmental conditions
2 Common Methods of Breaking Seed Dormancy
Seed Scarification, seeds are exposed abruptly into a harsh process, mixture, or temperature to cause the removal of its hard coating or to change its physical characteristics, making it more susceptible to water.
cracking, breaking, scratching, rubbing with sandpaper, soaking, etc
2 Types of Seed Scarification
Physical Seed Scarification, method that uses physical processes to break the seed dormancy
nicking or cracking
Chemical Seed Scarification, use of one or more chemicals to break seed coat
Seed Stratification, method wherein seeds are exposed to a new temperature before planting.
mimics nature’s approach in waking the seed
placing them in growing media and exposing them in cold temperature
Preparing Growing Media
Growing Media, organic components or materials that can be taken naturally from the surroundings that can help provide plants with good pH conditions and enough nutrients to grow.
Soil Growing Media
Soil, natural layer of the earth that supports life
composed of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter
most commonly known growing media
45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter
25% water, 25% air
Garden Soil, topsoil that is rich in nutrients that helps in improving plant growth
composed of organic matter, compost, and soil
Compost, combination of decaying nutrient-rich soil with medium density that is naturally made
has oxygen, bacteria, water, and organic materials
River Sand, sand that comes from the river
crushed granite, quartz, and sandstone
mostly mixed with soil or compost, it improves soil drainage
Soilless Growing Media
Soilless Growing Media, composed of any organic or inorganic material not containing topsoil or any soil
has beneficial components that help plant growth
Peat Moss, moss that grows in a boggy ground
has great moisture and nutrient-holding capacity
Saw Dust, powdered by-product of sawmills
good nitrogen content
Coco Coir, fibers from the coconut husks are hollow
aid in water and air holding while remaining lightweight
Rice Hull / Carbonized Rice Hull, same as Coco Coir
Animal Manure, a by-product of animals like cows, goats, etc
can be solid, semisolid, or liquid
known growing media that is rich with nutrients helps in the improvement of the physical and biological soil properties
Wood Cuttings, small cut-offs of wood from the lumber industry
has a good water-holding capacity which maintains moisture in the soil
Fern Slabs / Tree Slabs, substances that came from the fern tree
usually shaped in a flat rectangular form
has a spongy texture, good for keeping moisture
excellent for aeration and drainage
Driftwood, floating piece of wood drifted into the ocean or brought onto the beach by the ocean
used in an ornamental plant
usually used in Aeroponics
Characteristics of Good Growing Media
Sufficiently firm and dense enough to keep cuttings or seeds in place.
Able to maintain moisture (to avoid frequent watering).
Sufficiently porous to allow good drainage and aeration
Free from pests, weeds, and pathogens
Low salinity
High cation exchange capacity (for retention of nutrients and fertilizers)
Uniform and consistent in quality
Economical and readily available
Methods of Soil Sterilization
Soil Sterilization, process of disinfecting the soil from any pest that may cause harmful effects to the plants
Performing Soil Solarization
Sun Drying / Soil Solarization, performed to eliminate pests in the soil
method of using the heat from the sun and trapping it in the soil in order to get rid of harmful elements
most common soil sterilization methods
last mostly 4-6 weeks
Bagging or Potting of Growing Media
Potting / Bagging, process of putting soil or media in a container or bag
Plant Containers
Polyethylene bags, known as seedling bag
used to pack soil and plant seedlings
Clay pots, made from a particular soil and shape before being friend in the kilns
Plastic Container, plastic pots which are durable, lightweight, and flexible
made of inert or recycled materials
Seed tray / Seedbox, box shaped (rectangular or square) containers, made of plastic or wood
can be called seed tray, seed box, or flats
two types: division and open space
Wired basket, made of metal which is light, easy to work with
can be hung like other traditional ornamental plants
Coconut husk, fiber-like other shell cover of a coconut
Preparing Seedbed using a Seed Box, bed of soil prepared for plantain seed
can be outside or inside of a structure
LG 2.2
Performing Plant Propagation Techniques
Plant Propagation, process in which new plants grow from old ones through a variety of methods such as collecting seeds, cuttings, or other parts of plants
Sexual/Seed Propagation, reproduction of plants by seeds
genetic material of two parents is combined by pollination and fertilization to create offspring that are different from each parents
Sowing Seeds, seeds should be sown properly, in the right soil and environment
Characteristics of Good Quality Seedlings
Seedlings, a young plant grown from the seeds
Healthy
Robust with no deformities
Stem is sturdy
Crown is symmetrical and dense
Free from pests
Accustomed to full sunlight
Root system that is free of deformities
Have a dense root
Have a balance between shoot and root mass
Leaves are a healthy, dark green color
Accustomed to short periods without water
Possess the quality/ desirable traits of the mother plant
Asexual/Vegetative Propagation, utilizing its vegetative parts: the leaves, stems, roots, and modified parts
Grafting, method wherein plants are propagated by joining two plant parts that will grow together as one
The upper part of the combination is called scion while the lower part is the rootstock.
Cuttings, involves the regeneration of parts of plants in detached vegetative parts under favorable environmental conditions
usually done to some ornamental plants
Layering, applied to plants which are difficult to root
best rooted while still attached to the parent plant, which supplies the nutrients and moisture
Marcotting / Air Layering, method in which the plant’s stem or branch is wounded and the wounded part will be enclosed with sphagnum moss or similar rooting media until roots develop from the wounded area
usually done in fruit bearing trees
Robotics
intersection of science, engineering, and technology that produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions
Robots perform basic and repetitive tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy than humans, making them ideal for industries like manufacturing
Robot, programmable machine that can complete a task
Collaborative Robots / Cobots, work together with humans in production processes and are no longer kept separate from their human co-workers with protective devices
Industrial Robots, programmable machines that are used to handle, assemble, or process workpieces in the industrial environment
Service Robots, machine that provides services for humans
Humanoid Robots, machines that are designed to look like humans
Plant Propagation Methods
Sexual/Seed Propagation: Involves reproduction through seeds, combining genetic material through pollination and fertilization, leading to unique offspring.
Asexual/Vegetative Propagation: Uses vegetative parts (leaves, stems, roots) to grow new plants. Techniques include:
Grafting: Joining two plant parts (scion and rootstock) for growth.
Cuttings: Regrowing detached plant parts in suitable conditions.
Layering: Rooting plants while attached to the parent plant.
Marcotting/Air Layering: Wounding a plant's stem and inducing root development with sphagnum moss.