APUSH monster study guide

  1. Animism

    • The belief that objects, places, and creatures have spirits of their own.

  2. Iroquois Confederacy

    • A democratic union of tribes that maintained independence but united during times of need.

  3. 5 Civilized Tribes

    • Native tribes that adopted European practices to assimilate.

  4. Columbian Exchange

    • The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds initiated by Columbus' voyage in 1492.

  5. Regional Geography

    • A critical factor in America's development affecting race, demographics, immigration, and socioeconomic divisions.

  6. Richard Hakluyt

    • An advocate for colonization who argued for new markets and employment in the colonies.

  7. Encomienda System

    • A labor system employed by Spanish colonizers that exploited indigenous peoples, leading to disease and cultural destruction.

  8. Jamestown

    • The first permanent English settlement in America, founded in 1607, which faced dire survival challenges.

  9. John Smith

    • Leader who took control of Jamestown and organized efforts to allocate responsibilities among settlers.

  10. John Rolfe

    • Introduced tobacco to Virginia, significantly impacting the colony's economy.

  11. Indentured Servants

    • Laborers who worked under contract for a period of time in exchange for passage to America.

  12. Virginia House of Burgesses

    • Established in 1619, this was the first elected legislative assembly in North America.

  13. Mayflower Compact

    • An agreement among Pilgrims on self-governance and community values, established in 1620.

  14. City on a Hill

    • A term used by John Winthrop to describe New England as a model society.

  15. Puritan Values

    • Emphasized strict religious observance, education, and communal values in New England.

  16. Roger Williams

    • An advocate for religious freedom who founded Rhode Island after being exiled for his beliefs.

  17. Anne Hutchinson

    • A key figure who challenged Puritan orthodoxy and was known for her belief in antinomianism.

  18. Navigation Acts

    • English laws designed to regulate colonial trade and commerce, which increased resentment in colonies.

  19. Atlantic Slave Trade

    • The forced migration of Africans to provide labor, becoming central to the American economy.

  20. Bacon's Rebellion

    • A rebellion in 1676 fueled by class disparities and demand for protection from Native Americans.

  21. William Penn

    • Founder of Pennsylvania, notable for promoting religious tolerance.

  22. Salem Witch Trials

    • A series of hearings and prosecutions in colonial Massachusetts highlighting mass hysteria and flaws in the justice system.

  23. Stamp Act

    • A 1765 law imposing a direct tax on printed materials in the colonies without legislative approval.

  24. Sugar Act

    • A tax on foreign goods imposed by Britain, aimed at revenue generation from the colonies.

  25. Declaratory Act

    • A 1766 act affirming Britain's right to legislate for the colonies.

  26. Quartering Act

    • Legislation allowing British troops to invade colonists' homes for lodging.

  27. Loyalists

    • Colonists who remained faithful to the British crown, often due to economic reasons.

  28. Patriots

    • Colonists advocating for independence from British rule based on natural rights philosophy.

  29. Townshend Acts

    • A series of acts placing duties on imports such as tea, glass, and paper.

  30. Boston Massacre

    • A deadly confrontation in 1770 between British troops and Boston residents, escalating tensions.

  31. Intolerable Acts

    • A set of punitive laws enacted by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party.

  32. First Continental Congress

    • A 1774 gathering of colonial representatives to plan a response to British policies.

  33. Second Continental Congress

    • The 1775 assembly that managed the colonial war effort and eventually declared independence.

  34. Sons of Liberty

    • A secret organization formed to oppose British rule and protest taxation.

  35. Virginia Resolves

    • A resolution declaring that VA alone had the right to tax its residents.

  36. Stamp Act Congress

    • A meeting of delegates from various colonies in 1765 to organize opposition to the Stamp Act.

  37. Boycott

    • A method of protest where colonists refused to buy British goods.

  38. Common Sense

    • A pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for independence in simple language.

  39. Battle of Saratoga

    • A turning point in the Revolutionary War leading to French support for America.

  40. Treaty of Paris

    • The 1783 agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War.

  41. Articles of Confederation

    • The first governing document of the United States, ratified in 1781, which created a weak central government.

  42. Northwest Ordinance

    • A policy established for the admission of new states from the Northwest Territory.

  43. Shays' Rebellion

    • An armed uprising in 1786-87 as a response to economic injustices and lack of state support for farmers.

  44. Constitutional Convention

    • A 1787 meeting to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

  45. Virginia Plan

    • Proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population.

  46. New Jersey Plan

    • Advocated for equal representation for each state regardless of size.

  47. 3/5ths Compromise

    • Agreement that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.

  48. Federalism

    • The division of power between the national and state governments.

  49. Federalists

    • Supporters of the Constitution favoring a strong national government.

  50. Anti-Federalists

    • Opponents of the Constitution fearing too much central authority.

  51. Hamilton's Financial Plan

    • Economic strategy focused on government assumption of state debts and establishment of a national bank.

  52. Whiskey Rebellion

    • A 1794 revolt against the whiskey tax reflecting tensions between federal and local interests.

  53. Genet Affair

    • An incident where French diplomat Genet sought American support during the French-British conflict.

  54. Proclamation of Neutrality

    • Washington's declaration of the U.S. neutrality in foreign wars.

  55. Jay’s Treaty

    • An agreement attempting to resolve issues with Britain but seen as weak and conciliatory.

  56. Farewell Address

    • Washington's final message warning against political parties and foreign alliances.

  57. Quasi-War

    • An undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France.

  58. XYZ Affair

    • A diplomatic incident leading to anti-French sentiments in the U.S. after France demanded bribes.

  59. Alien and Sedition Acts

    • Laws limiting immigration and free speech during Adams' presidency.

  60. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

    • Statements asserting the right of states to refuse federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

  61. Marbury v. Madison

    • Landmark case establishing the principle of judicial review.

  62. Jeffersonian Era

    • Period characterized by Thomas Jefferson's presidency and Democratic-Republican dominance.

  63. Louisiana Purchase

    • A significant land acquisition doubling U.S. territory during Jefferson's presidency.

  64. Lewis and Clark Expedition

    • An exploration of the purchased land seeking to map and study its resources.

  65. Embargo Act (1807)

    • Legislation halting trade with foreign nations, severely impacting the U.S. economy.

  66. Non-Intercourse Act

    • Replaced the Embargo Act allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France.

  67. War of 1812

    • A conflict driven by British interference with American shipping and westward expansion.

  68. War Hawks

    • Congressional advocates for war against Britain, notably Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

  69. Hartford Convention

    • A Federalist meeting expressing opposition to the War of 1812 and highlighting sectional tensions.

  70. Era of Good Feelings

    • A period of national unity and Democratic-Republican dominance post-War of 1812.

  71. American System

    • Economic plan promoting internal improvements and protective tariffs, advocated by Henry Clay.

  72. Tariff of 1818

    • Legislation designed to protect American manufacturing by taxing imported goods.

  73. Market Revolution

    • A transformative period marked by changes in agriculture, commerce, and industry.

  74. Monroe Doctrine

    • A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas.

  75. Rush-Bagot Pact

    • An agreement between the U.S. and Britain to limit naval forces on the Great Lakes.

  76. Adams-Onis Treaty

    • Agreement wherein Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.

  77. Missouri Crisis

    • A dispute over the admission of Missouri as a slave state, questioning the balance of free and slave states.

  78. Tallmadge Amendment

    • Proposed gradual emancipation in Missouri, opposed by the South.

  79. Missouri Compromise

    • Agreement balancing slave and free states by prohibiting slavery north of the 36° 30' latitude line.

  80. Election of 1824

    • Controversial election where John Quincy Adams won over Andrew Jackson despite lack of majority.

  81. Second Great Awakening

    • Religious revival emphasizing personal piety and societal reform from the 1790s to 1840s.

  82. Horace Mann

    • Advocate for public education reform, known as the father of American education.

  83. Dorothea Dix

    • Reformer who campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and prison reform.

  84. American Temperance Society

    • An organization advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.

  85. Seneca Falls Convention

    • The first women's rights convention, marked by the Declaration of Sentiments.

  86. Abolitionism

    • A movement aimed at ending slavery, advocating for immediate emancipation.

  87. Jackson Presidency

    • Marked by the rise of populism and significant influence from the "common man".

  88. Manifest Destiny

    • The belief in the U.S. destined to expand across the continent, often justifying displacement of Native peoples.

  89. Trail of Tears

    • The forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands, leading to tremendous suffering.

  90. Nativism

    • The idea that immigrants negatively impact a nation's welfare.

  91. Mexican-American War

    • A conflict initiated by U.S. annexation of Texas, resulting in significant territorial gains for the U.S.

  92. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    • The 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War, resulting in U.S. acquisition of California and other territories.

  93. Compromise of 1850

    • Legislative measures aimed at resolving sectional tensions, including the admission of California as a free state.

  94. Kansas-Nebraska Act

    • A 1854 law allowing for popular sovereignty in the territories, intensifying sectional conflict.

  95. Bleeding Kansas

    • Violent confrontations in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.

  96. Dred Scott Decision

    • A Supreme Court ruling declaring that African Americans were not citizens, invalidating the Missouri Compromise.

  97. Crittenden Compromise

    • An unsuccessful last-ditch effort to prevent the Civil War by extending the Missouri Compromise.

  98. Civil War

    • The conflict from 1861-1865 primarily over the issues of slavery and states' rights.

  99. Anaconda Plan

    • A Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi River.

  100. Emancipation Proclamation

    • The executive order by Lincoln in 1863 freeing slaves in Confederate states, changing the war's nature.

  101. Freedmen's Bureau

    • A federal agency aimed at assisting former slaves during Reconstruction, providing education and welfare.