Unit 3 Etymology Comprehensive Review

Morpheme Set #8

Morpheme Set #9

Morpheme Set #10

Review Packet

Prefixes, Meanings, Allomorphs, and Examples

1. Prefix: A

   • Meaning(s): Away

   • Allomorphs: AB

   • Examples:

     • Avert (turn away)

     • Abduct (carry away by force)

2. Prefix: CON

   • Meaning(s): Together

   • Allomorphs: COM, COR, COL

   • Examples:

     • Connect (join together)

     • Collect (gather together)

     • Comment (speak together, discuss)

     • Correlation (mutual relationship)

3. Prefix: SUB

   • Meaning(s): Under, beneath

   • Allomorphs: SUF, SUG, SUC, SUP, SUR

   • Examples:

     • Subvert (undermine)

     • Suggest (bring under consideration)

     • Suffrage (vote; originally "under petition")

     • Surrender (give under force)

     • Succulent (moist, juicy under skin)

     • Support (carry under)

4. Prefix: IN

   • Meaning(s): Not; In, into, on

   • Allomorphs: IM, IR, IL

   • Examples:

     • Involuntary (not voluntary)

     • Impossible (not possible)

     • Illegal (not legal)

     • Irregular (not regular)

5. Prefix: EX

   • Meaning(s): Out, out of; Intensifier

   • Allomorphs: E, EF

   • Examples:

     • Expel (drive out)

     • Effuse (pour out)

     • Eject (throw out)

Define the Following Terms

1. Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit in a language.

2. Allomorph: Variants of a morpheme with the same meaning but different forms.

3. Affix: Morpheme attached to a root or base word to modify its meaning.

Breakdown of Word Elements and Definitions

1. Disrupt:

   • Dis = apart/away

   • Rupt = break

2. Transport:

   • Trans = across/through

   • Portare = to carry

3. Sororicide, Regicide, Suicide:

   • Soror = sister

   • Regis = king

   • Sui = oneself

   • Cide = killing

4. Patriarchy:

   • Pater = father

   • Arch = rule

5. Terrigenous:

   • Terra = earth

   • Gene = produce, origin

Morpheme Collections

6. Solarium:

   • Sol = sun

   • Arium = location

7. Omnivore, Carnivore, Herbivore:

   • Omni = all

   • Carn = flesh

   • Herba = plant

   • Vor = consume

8. Survive:

   • Sur = above

   • Viv = live

9. Genuflect:

   • Genu = knee

   • Flect = bend

10. Omniscient:

    • Omni = all

    • Scire = to know

Definitions

• Semantics: Study of meaning in language.

• Bellicose: Aggressive, warlike.

• Dissolute: Lacking morals.

• Squalid: Filthy or repulsive.

• Nemesis: Unbeatable rival or enemy.

• Eidolon: Phantom or idealized image.

• Lugubrious: Mournful or gloomy.

• Risible: Causing laughter; laughable.

• Appalled: Shocked or horrified.

• Frenetic: Frantic or wildly energetic.

• Sommelier: Wine steward or expert.

• Affront: Deliberate insult or offense.

• Temerity: Recklessness or boldness.

• Tonsorial: Related to barbering or shaving.

• Palpable: Obvious, tangible, or capable of being felt.

• Buoyant: Able to float; cheerful or upbeat.

• Deference: Respectful submission or yielding.

• Embellish: To decorate or enhance.

• Compliance: Act of conforming or agreeing.

• Banal: Overused, dull, or unoriginal.

• Rancor: Deep resentment or hatred.

• Congenital: Present from birth.

• Arable: Suitable for cultivation.

• Desiccated: Dried out or lacking vitality.

Sponge 12

1. It is ironic that the ______ insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere ______.

Correct answer: a. original ... clichés

• Explanation:

  • "Original insights" refers to fresh, unique ideas initially provided by great thinkers.

  • If these insights are "voiced so often," their originality fades, turning them into "clichés" (overused, unoriginal phrases).

  • This matches the irony presented in the sentence.

2. Because Jenkins neither ______ nor defends either management or the striking workers, both sides admire his journalistic ______.

Correct answer: b. attacks ... neutrality

• Explanation:

  • Jenkins does not "attack" or defend either side, indicating he remains impartial.

  • "Neutrality" aligns perfectly with the lack of bias mentioned, which earns him admiration from both sides.

3. Since many disadvantaged individuals view their situations as ______ as well as intolerable, their attitudes are best described as ______.

Correct answer: d. immutable ... resigned

• Explanation:

  • "Immutable" means unchangeable, suggesting the individuals feel their situations cannot be altered.

  • "Resigned" describes someone who has accepted a difficult situation because they see no way out.

  • This combination accurately reflects the attitude of viewing something as "unchangeable" and "intolerable."

4. CENSUS : POPULATION : : ______ : ______

Correct answer: b. inventory : supplies

• Explanation:

  • A "census" is a count or survey of a "population."

  • Similarly, an "inventory" is a count or list of "supplies."

  • This analogy maintains a clear relationship of recording or accounting for items.

5. SHIP : OCEAN : : ______ : ______

Correct answer: b. plane : air

• Explanation:

  • A "ship" travels through the "ocean," and a "plane" travels through the "air."

  • This analogy captures the relationship between a vehicle and the medium through which it travels.

Final Answers:

1. a. original ... clichés

2. b. attacks ... neutrality

3. d. immutable ... resigned

4. b. inventory : supplies

5. b. plane : air

Sponge 13

1. inchoate

B. just begun

• Explanation: "Inchoate" refers to something in its early stages or only partly formed.

2. risible

C. laughable

• Explanation: "Risible" relates to provoking laughter or something ridiculous.

3. lugubrious

A. gloomy

• Explanation: "Lugubrious" describes a mournful, gloomy, or dismal mood.

4. eidolon

D. phantom; image

• Explanation: "Eidolon" is a spectral or idealized image, often associated with a phantom or vision.

5. lachrymose

B. tearful

• Explanation: "Lachrymose" refers to being prone to tears or sorrow.

6. avatar

C. embodiment

• Explanation: "Avatar" refers to an incarnation or representation of a concept, often in physical form.

7. jeremiad

A. lamentation

• Explanation: A "jeremiad" is a mournful complaint or a tale of woe.

8. tonsorial

B. barbering

• Explanation: "Tonsorial" pertains to hairdressing or barbering.

9. parapraxis

D. slip of the tongue

• Explanation: "Parapraxis" is a Freudian slip or an unintentional mistake in speech.

10. lubricious

A. oily

• Explanation: "Lubricious" means slippery, often in a figurative sense (e.g., suggestive or unctuous).

11. appalled

A. dismayed

• Explanation: "Appalled" means to be shocked or dismayed, often due to something unpleasant.

12. sere

C. dry

• Explanation: "Sere" describes something dry or withered, typically in nature.

13. apiary

B. beehive

• Explanation: An "apiary" is a place where bees are kept.

14. aviary

A. bird enclosure

• Explanation: An "aviary" is a large cage or space for keeping birds.

15. hirsute

B. hairy

• Explanation: "Hirsute" refers to something covered with hair.

16. rhetorician

D. eloquent communicator

• Explanation: A "rhetorician" is skilled in the art of rhetoric or effective communication.

17. sophistry

B. misleading argument

• Explanation: "Sophistry" refers to reasoning that is subtly deceptive or flawed.

18. tenacity

A. great determination

• Explanation: "Tenacity" describes persistence or determination in achieving something.

19. zenith

B. apex; acme

• Explanation: "Zenith" refers to the highest point, often figuratively or literally.

20. voracious

D. ravenous

• Explanation: "Voracious" describes an intense hunger or eagerness, especially for food or learning.

Final Answers:

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. A

8. B

9. D

10. A

11. A

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. B

16. D

17. B

18. A

19. B

20. D

Sponge 14

1. bevy

B. large group

• Explanation: A "bevy" refers to a large group, typically of birds or animals but also used for people.

2. semantics

A. meaning

• Explanation: "Semantics" is the study of meaning in language.

3. vernacular

C. native

• Explanation: "Vernacular" refers to the language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular region.

4. irresolute

B. doubtful

• Explanation: "Irresolute" describes someone uncertain or hesitant.

5. dissolute

D. immoral

• Explanation: "Dissolute" refers to a lack of moral restraint, especially in indulgence.

6. indict

A. accuse

• Explanation: To "indict" is to formally accuse someone of a crime.

7. eclectic

B. varied

• Explanation: "Eclectic" refers to deriving ideas, styles, or tastes from a wide and varied range.

8. frenetic

C. frantic

• Explanation: "Frenetic" describes wild, frantic, or highly energetic behavior.

9. nemesis

B. unconquerable

• Explanation: A "nemesis" is an unbeatable opponent or a source of retribution.

10. temerity

D. boldness

• Explanation: "Temerity" refers to excessive confidence or boldness, often recklessly so.

11. timorous

B. fearful

• Explanation: "Timorous" describes someone who is timid or fearful.

12. affront

D. insult

• Explanation: An "affront" is an intentional insult or offensive act.

13. palpable

B. obvious

• Explanation: "Palpable" means easily noticeable or capable of being felt.

14. putative

D. supposed

• Explanation: "Putative" refers to something generally regarded as or assumed to be.

15. fritter (v.)

A. waste

• Explanation: To "fritter" means to waste time or resources on trivial matters.

16. ludicrous

B. absurd

• Explanation: "Ludicrous" refers to something so ridiculous it provokes laughter.

17. compliance

A. obedience

• Explanation: "Compliance" is the act of conforming to a rule or demand.

18. deference

B. submitting

• Explanation: "Deference" means respectful submission or yielding to another's judgment.

19. contentious

D. argumentative

• Explanation: "Contentious" describes someone prone to argument or controversy.

20. perennial

C. enduring

• Explanation: "Perennial" refers to something lasting for a long time or recurring repeatedly.

Final Answers:

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. B

10. D

11. B

12. D

13. B

14. D

15. A

16. B

17. A

18. B

19. D

20. C

Sponge 15

1. culinary

C. cookery

• Explanation: "Culinary" refers to anything related to cooking or the kitchen.

2. sommelier

B. wine steward

• Explanation: A "sommelier" is a professional who specializes in wine and wine service.

3. totem

A. clan emblem

• Explanation: A "totem" is a symbol or emblem representing a family, clan, or group.

4. congenital

A. at birth

• Explanation: "Congenital" refers to traits or conditions present from birth, often inherited.

5. rancor

C. resentment

• Explanation: "Rancor" is a deep-seated bitterness or resentment.

6. treble

B. triple

• Explanation: "Treble" means threefold or triple, often used in music to describe high frequencies.

7. embellish

C. adorn

• Explanation: To "embellish" means to decorate or add details to enhance something.

8. desiccated

B. dried up

• Explanation: "Desiccated" refers to something that has been thoroughly dried out.

9. arable

A. fit for cultivation

• Explanation: "Arable" describes land that is suitable for growing crops.

10. buoyant

D. floating

• Explanation: "Buoyant" refers to the ability to float or being cheerful and optimistic.

11. desuetude

C. disuse

• Explanation: "Desuetude" refers to a state of being no longer used or practiced.

12. abrogate

B. abolish

• Explanation: To "abrogate" means to formally repeal or do away with something, such as a law.

13. derogate

D. detract

• Explanation: "Derogate" means to diminish or detract from something's value or importance.

14. incessant

A. continuous

• Explanation: "Incessant" describes something that continues without pause or interruption.

15. tumescent

B. swollen

• Explanation: "Tumescent" refers to something that is swollen or enlarged, often used metaphorically.

16. pandemonium

A. tumult; uproar

• Explanation: "Pandemonium" refers to chaos or a state of uproar.

17. prattle

B. babble incessantly

• Explanation: To "prattle" means to talk in a meaningless, foolish, or incessant way.

18. quixotic

D. foolishly impractical

• Explanation: "Quixotic" refers to being idealistic in a way that is unrealistic or impractical, inspired by Don Quixote.

19. pundit

A. professional commentator

• Explanation: A "pundit" is an expert who offers their opinions publicly, often in media.

20. raconteur

B. storyteller

• Explanation: A "raconteur" is a person skilled at telling stories in an engaging way.

Final Answers:

1. C

2. B

3. A

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. C

8. B

9. A

10. D

11. C

12. B

13. D

14. A

15. B

16. A

17. B

18. D

19. A

20. B

Sponge 16

1. A. dysphoric

• Intruder: B. disagreeable

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) have a prefix "dys-" that refers to something abnormal or negative. "Disagreeable" does not share this root or specific etymology.

2. A. avert

• Intruder: B. vertical

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) involve actions that change direction or subvert something. "Vertical" describes orientation and is not an action.

3. A. CIA

• Intruder: C. NATO

• Explanation: The CIA, FBI, and NAACP are all American organizations, while NATO is an international organization.

4. A. retrospective

• Intruder: B. include

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) relate to looking back, being unnecessary, or creating. "Include" does not align with this group in meaning or context.

5. A. obdurate

• Intruder: C. tenuous

• Explanation: The other words (A, B, D) describe strength or stubbornness. "Tenuous" refers to something weak or insubstantial, which contrasts with the others.

6. A. gastronomy

• Intruder: B. antonym

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) relate to independence, uniqueness, or personal traits. "Antonym" refers to word opposites, which is unrelated.

7. A. agnostic

• Intruder: B. demagogue

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) deal with religious belief systems. "Demagogue" refers to a political leader and is unrelated.

8. A. atypical

• Intruder: B. prototype

• Explanation: The other words (A, C, D) involve normality or exceptions. "Prototype" is about an original model, which doesn't fit this context.

9. A. eponym

• Intruder: D. autonomous

• Explanation: The other words (A, B, C) deal with names and anonymity, while "autonomous" relates to independence and is unrelated to naming.

10. A. ad nauseam

• Intruder: D. ad feminam

• Explanation: The other words (A, B, C) are common Latin phrases used in logical or rhetorical contexts. "Ad feminam" is a less common term and is gender-specific, making it stand out.

Final Intruders:

1. B

2. B

3. C

4. B

5. C

6. B

7. B

8. B

9. D

10. D

Sponge 17

Circle Y for Yes or N for No

1. Y - inchoate (just begun): Correctly describes grape vines that are not yet mature or fully developed.

2. N - idle (a person of high regard): Incorrect. The correct word should be idol.

3. Y - glabrous (smooth and hairless) and hirsute (hairy): Correctly used to describe the irony of a bald hairdresser skilled in hairstyling.

4. N - lugubrious (gloomy, mournful): Incorrect for describing a factory. A more fitting word would describe sterility or industry.

5. Y - lachrymose (tearful) and risible (laughable): Correctly describes Melanie’s reaction to her paper being criticized as laughable.

6. N - lubricious (lewd): Incorrect to describe Bill’s high school trajectory unless explicitly referring to a decline in moral character.

7. Y - palpable (able to be felt): Correctly describes a strong, tangible fear in the room.

8. Y - vernacular (native language): Correctly used to inquire about a colloquial term like “fleek.”

9. N - difference: Incorrect. The correct word should be deference (respectful submission).

10. N - eclectic (diverse, varied): Incorrect. A collection of eleven identical cars lacks variety.

11. N - contentious (argumentative): Incorrect. Sales require congeniality or persuasion, not argumentativeness.

12. N - bevies (large groups): Incorrect in this context, as small groups would contradict the definition.

13. Y - tonsorial (relating to barbers): Correct, as the French phrase refers to cutting grass, paralleling hair cutting.

14. Circumspection vs. Temerity

It would be wiser to step into the role of President of the United States with circumspection (caution and foresight) rather than temerity (recklessness or boldness) because such a role involves high-stakes decision-making that affects millions of lives. Recklessness could lead to impulsive actions, while caution ensures thoughtful leadership.

15. Meaning of "ludique"

In French, "ludique" means playful or game-like. The sentence suggests that the observer finds American educational methods overly focused on entertainment or interactive, playful learning rather than traditional, serious academic instruction.