Civil War
Fort Sumter
A very valuable fort that still supported the North with less than 100 soldiers manning it
Decided to send notice that it would be “provisioned”
Confederate forces attacked the fort using cannons on April 12, 1861
This first civil war conflict where the first shots were fired
This led to Lincoln blockading the southern seaports
Bull Run
These were two major battles fought near the Bull Run Stream in Virginia
The First battle was fought near the Manassas Junction in Virginia
The goal of the Union Army was to capture the Confederate capital, Richmond Virginia
The Union originally had the upper hand until Confederate forces led by General “Stonewall Jackson” attacked the Union troops, forcing them to flee back to Washington D.C.
Bleeding Kansas
Series of violent confrontations in the Kansas territory on whether Kansas should be a slave state or not
This was sparked by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which allowed the people in Kansas to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty
This led to a series of clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers
Pottawatomie Massacre
John Brown killed 5 pro-slavery soldiers in the state of Kansas
This marked the beginning of Bleeding Kansas
John Brown
Determined abolitionist, attacked, & chopped up pro-slavery men in Kansas
He led the revolt in Harpers Ferry
Took over federal arsenal to incite a slave rebellion across the south
Brown was tried for treason, murder, and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty and hanged on December 2, 1859
Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin to expose the North to the horrors of slavery
Advantages & disadvantages of each side of the war
Harpers Ferry
This was a town in Virginia (present-day West Virginia)
In October 1859, abolitionist John Brown organized a revolt against the pro-slavery forces in Harpers Ferry
They captured the arsenal and key points in the town
7 innocent people died
Confederate forces led by Robert E. Lee suppressed the raid
Brown was charged with treason for this and hanged to death
Border States
Consisted of the states of, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, & West Virginia
These were slave states loyal to the Union mainly because the South fired first
These states did not secede from the Union which prevented the Confederacy from taking over completely
Lincoln as President
A republican lawyer and abolitionist from Illinois won the election of 1860
As he took office, secession from the Union began
He used methods such as deploying troops during the war
Blockade
Increased size of the army
Had $2 million forwarded to 3 people for military purposes
Suspended writ of habeas corpus
Supervised voting in border states
Suspension of some newspapers
He continued to repeat that his goal was to save the Union
He delivered the Gettysburg Adress which was a two-minute speech meant to honor those who died in the Battle of Gettysburg
He also ordered the Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in Confederate states
He was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth while watching a play in a theater
African Americans as soldiers on each side of the war
Only 180,000 African American soldiers served as soldiers
They all served either in the Union Army or Union Navy
There were no African Americans on the Confederate side of the war
Antietam
The bloodiest battle of the Civil War
It was one of the only two battles fought in the north
Over 22,000 soldiers were killed
This ended General Robert E. Lee’s invasion of the north
Gettysburg
A small town in Pennsylvania
The battle of Gettysburg took place in this town which was one of the largest and most important battles of the war
It was a major turning point, marking the Union Army’s victory over Confederate General Robert E Lee
More than 50,000 soldiers were killed or missing on both sides of the war
After the war, the Gettysburg National Cemetery was established to honor the soldiers who died fighting for the Union
Lincoln gave a speech at the cemetery known as the “Gettysburg Adress” which was a two-minute speech to remind everyone that the war wasn’t just a fight for the Union but for fundamental freedoms established in the Declaration of Independence such as liberty and equality
Andrew Johnson
He was Lincoln’s running mate in the election of 1864
Lincoln selected him as he wanted to partner with a pro-Union Democrat to help end the civil war
He and Lincoln were inaugurated on March 4, 1865
A month after their inauguration, Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation
This was an executive order signed by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863
This declared all enslaved people in the Confederate States or states that were against the Union to be free
This changed the war into not only trying to preserve the Union but also fight for human rights and freedom
This included the foundation which would later be used to ratify the 13th Amendment and abolish slavery
13th Amendment
Ratified on December 6, 1865
This abolished slavery across the United States, making it illegal unless in the case of a punishment
On January 31, 1865, it was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification
By December it passed a ¾ approval by the states officially making it a law
This officially ended slavery even in states not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation
Know-Nothing Party/American Party
The party sought to restrict immigration, particularly from predominantly Catholic countries like Ireland and Germany.
They believed Catholic immigrants were loyal to the Pope rather than American democracy and feared Catholic influence in politics.
The party emphasized preserving Protestant cultural and political dominance.
They advocated extending the residency requirement for citizenship to 21 years.
This party dissolved over the issue of slavery
Former President Millard Filmore was nominated by this party for the 1856 election but he only won one state as the party declined on the national stage
George McClellan
He was appointed to reorganize the Union army after they were defeated in the first Battle of Bull Run
He commanded the Union forces during the Battle of Antietam
He was nominated for president by the Democrats in 1864 but lost to Abraham Lincoln
Union Party
This was a temporary political party created during the 1864 election
This party helped allign Republicans and pro-Union Democrats
Abraham Lincoln was nominated by this party in 1864 and chose Andrew Johnson, a Democrat who was supposed to help bring unity by uniting the parties
This helped the Union win the war over the confederate states
Dred Scott decision
This was a landmark supreme court case
Dred Scott, a black slave who had lived with his master in Illinois and Wisconsin sued for freedom after living in free territories for a while
Court ruled that he couldn’t sue because wasn’t a citizen, plus a slave was private property & would be a slave anywhere his master took him
Clara Barton
She was a nurse who contributed to the roles of women in the workforce
She dedicated herself to helping wounded soldiers
She brought medical supplies to the battlefield even under dangerous conditions
Her role earned her the nickname, “Angel of the Battlefield”
popular sovereignty
This allowed residents of a US territory to decide whether or not they wanted to enter as a slave state
This led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealing the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel
This led to the fighting in the war over the spread of slavery
Secession
This was the act of states leaving the Union to be slave states
The expansion of slavery saw many states secede from the Union into the Confederacy where they chose that they wanted to allow slavery to spread
Robert E. Lee
He joined the Confederate Army when Virginia seceded from the Union
Joining the Confederate Army, he resigned his commission to the US army
In 1861 he became commander of the Confederate army
He was known for many of his aggressive tactics in battle
Ulysses S. Grant
He served in the Union Army as a colonel
He was appointed General-in-Cheif by Lincoln as a way to focus attacks on Confederate forces, forcing them into a defensive position
Effect of the war on the economies of the North and South
North
The north’s economy was prospering and in a better state than it had ever been before
The North became more industrialized with factories to produce weapons, ammunition, and war supplies
Railroads were built and expanded boosting trade and transportation
South
The South went through a severe economic depression
High unemployment
Infrastructure was destroyed
Capitals of the Confederate States of America
These were states that seceded from the Union to maintain slavery
The initial capital was Montgomery Alabama when the Confederate states were formed
Richmond was the new capitol after that and remained the capitol until the war ended
The location of Richmond as the capital was helpful as it was close to the Union capital of Washington D.C.
Final war strategy of the Union
They aimed to capture the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy into two
This was supposed to make it harder for the Confederate forces to communicate
Surrender at Appomattox
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S, Grant at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia
Lee’s soldiers would be granted parole, meaning they would not be imprisoned and would be allowed to return to their homes
Officers were allowed to keep their horses and personal possessions
Confederate soldiers would not face prosecution for their role in the war
Grant offered food rations to Lee's starving army, which had been struggling to find supplies during their retreat
This marked the end of the Civil War