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Myron, Discus Thrower

  • Type: Roman copy of a bronze original

  • Date: 450 BCE

  • Height: 5 ft

  • Location: Nazionale Romano, Rome

Polykleitos, Spear Bearer

  • Type: Roman copy

  • Date: 450 BCE

  • Height: 12 ft

  • Location: Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples

  • Philosophy of Beauty:

    • Beauty arises from the commensurability and symmetry of parts.

    • Example of symmetry includes:

    • Finger to finger

    • Fingers to the palm

    • Palm to the wrist

    • Wrist to forearm

    • Forearm to upper arm

    • This symmetry is essential and is supported by his treatise named the Canon.

  • Supporting Information: Claudius Galenus referenced this canon and the statue aligned with these tenets.

Kresilas, Pericles

  • Type: Roman copy of a bronze original

  • Height: 6 ft

  • Date: 429 BCE

  • Location: Vatican Museum

Tholos (Thymele) of Epidaurus

  • Type: Architectural plan

  • Date: 4th century BCE

  • Location: Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus

  • Description:

    • Sanctuary of the god Healer Asclepius in Epidaurus experienced significant development.

    • Various structures reflect ornamental forms influencing later Hellenistic architecture.

Thersilion Theatre at Megalopolis

  • Date: Approximately 340 BCE

  • Purpose: Built for political and religious gatherings

  • Significance: High level of architectural sophistication.

  • Structure Features:

    • Massive hall supported by 67 Doric columns

    • Columns arranged on five interwoven L-shaped porticoes

    • Design ensures unobstructed visibility for audiences.

Polycleitus the Younger, The Epidaurus Theater

  • Date: ca. 350 BCE

  • Characteristics:

    • Displayed mathematical precision in proportions.

    • Underwent significant expansion in the 2nd century.

The Tholos of Delphi

  • Date: 375 BCE

  • Location: Delphi, Greece

Polykleitos the Younger, Corinthian Capital

  • Date: 350 BCE

  • Location: From the tholos, Epidauros, Greece

Hellenistic Period Overview

  • Philip of Macedon:

    • Aimed to liberate Delphi during the Sacred War.

    • Faced opposition from Athens at Thermopylae.

    • Peace secured through negotiations allowing him control over Delphi and southern Greece.

    • Ambition included conquering the entire Greek peninsula, leading to the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE, where he defeated Athens and Thebes.

  • Formation of a New League:

    • Proposed to campaign against Persia, an idea promoted by Athenian orators like Isocrates.

  • Assassination: Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE, leaving his son Alexander in charge.

  • Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE):

    • Tutored by Aristotle; aimed to fulfill his father's ambitions.

    • Secured victories against Persians at battles like Granicus River and Issus.

    • Merged Greek and Persian styles of governance.

    • Continued expansion into Phoenicia and Egypt and traveled to the Indus River.

Head of Alexander the Great

  • Date: 3rd Century BCE

  • Material: Marble

  • Height: 12 in

  • Location: Archaeological Museum, Pella

Lysippus, Weary Herakles

  • Date: 320 BCE

  • Type: Roman statue from the baths of Caracalla, Rome.

Gnosis, Stag Hunt

  • Date: 300 BCE

  • Location: Archaeological Museum, Pella

  • Height: 10 ft

Hades Abducting Persephone

  • Description: Detailed wall painting

  • Date: 336 BCE

  • Location: Tomb 1, Vergina, Greece.

Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issus

  • Date: ca. 310 BCE

  • Dimensions: 9 ft x 17 ft

  • Location: House of Faun, Pompeii.

Choragic Monument of Lysikrates

  • Date: 334 BCE

  • Location: Athens.

Paionios of Ephesos and Daphnis of Miletus, Temple of Apollo

  • Date: 300 BCE

  • Location: Didyma, Turkey.

  • Significance: Architectural design showcases advanced techniques and a blend of artistic styles.

Shrine of Apollo Floor Plan

  • Details:

    • Inner court, staircase, ramp, and various amphitheater elements detailed.

    • Arrangement and dimensions presented with respect to the grand architectural style of the period.

Restoration and Archaeological Findings

  • Priene, Turkey: Restored view from the 4th century BCE and later.

  • Altar of Zeus, Pergamum Museum: Reconstructed west front dated ca. 175 BCE, Berlin.

Dying Gaul

  • Description: Depicts a Gallic chieftain’s defiance through suicide rather than surrender in the aftermath of Attalos I's victory over the Gauls.

  • Artistic Elements: Highlights distinct features of Gauls including their long hair, mustaches, and prominent neck bands (torques).

Winged Victory

  • Location: Louvre.

Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo)

  • Date: ca. 150-125 BCE

  • Material: Marble.

  • Height: 6'7"

  • Location: Musée du Louvre.