21st Century 2nd
LESSON 1 - ESSAY
Essay - taken from the word “essais” literally means “attempts” mainly attributed to Michael de Montaigne.
- It is a composition in prose form, of enough length and is typically intended to explain an idea, a theory or an impression.
- includes variety of texts, like diaries, journals, letters, newspaper editorials, reports, and reviews.
Building Blocks of Essay
1. Form and Structure - This component includes the arrangement or order of ideas, unity, coherence, expository device used, and patterns of development
2. Content and Theme - These two include the point that the essay attempts to raise. Aside from such, the subject or focus
of the composition, quality of topic, as well as the writer’s purpose and intentions are also under content and theme
3. Language and Style - This component provides information as to what makes the essay literary in relation to tone, diction, and literary devices used.
General Types of Essays
A. Formal Essay - Includes intellectual topics, there is seriousness and tone, and language is formal. The writer exhibits great mastery of the topic. It is straightforward, objective and clear
B. Informal Essay - Also known as familiar essay. This deals with commonplace and light topics. Language is somewhat familiar and conventional but still insightful. This greatly establishes emotional appeal rather than intellectual.
Classification of Essay
1. Reflective Essay - This considers a subject which is heavily philisophicalin nature. An essay in which the writer examines his or her experiences in life.
2. Critical Essay - This includes reviews of books, movies , works of art and other forms of compositions. This classification of essay highlights the positive and the negative aspects of a cetain work being judge.
3. Editorial Essay - It highlights the writer’s opinions about an important issue of the day
4. Nature Essay - The intention of writing this essay is to depict images found in nature such as trees, flowers, mountains, and animals.
5. Scientific Essay - Extremely expository, logical and clear. Deals with the discussion of the explorations and findings
taken from scientific experimentations. This does not provide an opportunity to express the writer’s personality.
6. Narrative Essay - This is written in the form of a story as it utilizes events or incidents to give shape to a certain theme.
7. Speculative Essay - Highlights the contemplations which are difficult to prove by means of posing inquiries about an interesting topic.
8. Biographical or Character Sketch Essay - Depicts the life of an individual considered as the subject from infancy,
maturity, to one’s death; shows a description of a particular aspect of the life of a certain person
9. Didactic Essay - Described as serious and formal teaches a moral lesson. It resembles a tone similar to a teacher. It is mainly driven to explain and emphasize the ethical way of life.
10. Descriptive Essay - Provides information as to how something looks like, highlights qualities of something which provides animation, clarity, and reality to a narrative essay.
LESSON 2 – CONTEMPORARY GENRE
Genre – a category or a classification of a literary work
- In the context of contemporary arts, "genre" refers to the specific categories or styles that artworks belong to, characterized by particular forms, techniques, or themes. Contemporary genres are unique because they often blend traditional styles with innovative approaches, creating works that may cross boundaries between multiple genres
Contemporary Genre - The works are often characterized as gender sensitive, technologically alluding, operates on the extreme reality and extreme fiction.
- Are made up of stories that could happen to real people in real settings.
- A realistic fiction creates imaginary characters and situations that depicts our world and society. It focuses on themes growing up and confronting personal and social problems . This genre portrays characters coming to understand themselves and others.
TYPES OF CONTEMPORARY GENRE
1. Blog - Is an online journal or informational website displaying information in the reverse chronological order, with the latest post appearing first. It is a platform where the writer or even a group of writers share their views on a specific subject.
- Written content published on websites, often personal or themed (e.g., lifestyle, fashion, travel). Blogs allow individuals to share ideas, experiences, opinions, and expertise in a conversational style.
2. Vlog - A vlog, also known as a video blog or video log, is a form of blog for which the medium is video. Vlog entries often combine embedded video with supporting text, images, and other metadata.
3. Chick Lit - a fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood. Modern fiction about the lives and romantic problems of young women, usually written by women.
4. Flash Fiction - Also called “Minimalist Fiction”and “Microfiction” a genre of fiction, defined as a very short story. While there is no set word count that separates flash fiction from more traditional short stories, flash fiction stories can be as short as a few words (while short stories typically run for several pages)
5. Illustrated Novel - Generally 50% of the narrative is presented without words. The reader must interpret the images in order to comprehend the complete story.
6. Creative Nonfiction - (also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction or literary journalism or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
7. Hyperpoetry - A form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext markup. It is in visual form and the poem is being generated in response to the links being choose. It is also known as “ cyberpoetry ”
8. Mobile phone Text tula - Text tula is a genre of Frank Rivera perfected poetry. All poems in mobile telephones are written and read. A particular example of this poem is tanaga.
- The term “textula” is blend of the English word “text” and the Filipino word “ tula”. It is written in the form of text
messages. Usually in one or two stanzas. It is sent as a direct communication to person close to the sender.
FRANK RIVERA - Frank G. Rivera (born 29 February 1948 in Paete, Laguna, Philippines) is a Filipino retired-playwright, actor and production designer.
- is a prominent Filipino poet, playwright, and literary figure known for his significant contributions to contemporary Philippine literature. He is particularly recognized for his work in developing and popularizing Mobile Phone Text Tula, a genre of poetry that utilizes mobile technology for composition and sharing.
Genre of Speculative Fiction
1. Fantasy - Includes elements and being from human cultural imagination such as mythical creatures, dragons, and fairies, sorcery and witchcraft.
2. Science Fiction - Is a genre of Speculative Fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, parallel universe, extra terrestrial life.
3. Horror - Is somewhat similar to fantasy but focusing on terrifying events and often powerful beings such as monsters and ghosts.
4. Dystopian - Takes place in a highly undesirable society often plague with strict control violence, chaos and other negative elements.
5. Utopian - Takes place in a highly desirable society often presented happy intelligent or even perfect or problem free.
6. Alternative history - explores what might have happened if historical events had occurred differently
7. Apocalyptic - Focuses on groups of survivors often a massive typically worldwide disaster.
LESSON 3 – MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia - Is an application which uses a collection of multimedia sources e.g text, graphics, images, sounds/ audio, animation / or video. These application provides professional color, graphics, and font capabilities which help to better express the presenter’s idea.
Importance Of Multimedia
- Good way for communication
- Use as a source of information
- Learning resources for the students
- Use to produce computer based training courses
- World exploration
- Business
Characteristics of Multimedia
- Multimedia system must be computer controlled
- Multimedia system are integrated
- Allows input, provide output
- It is generally dynamic, not static
- Can involve more than one input device
- Can be repeated over and over
Elements Of Multimedia
A. TEXT
- Is the most widely use and flexible means of presenting information on screen and conveying ideas.
- Alphanumeric in character used for presenting information can be made creatively by using fonts, lines, colors, and styles or special effects such as shadowing, bouncing, or fading.
B. VIDEO
- Is the most advance and effective medium for presenting information
- It enhances, dramatizes, and gives impact to a multimedia presentation.
C. AUDIO
- This is one of the most important element of multimedia. It refers to the sound. Audios are the best source of improving pronunciation in learners.
D. GRAPHICS
- From the Greek word “ graphikos” which means “ belonging to drawing.
- It is a digital representation of non-text information such as drawings, photographs, and visual images or design on some surface such as wall, canvass, screen, paper, or stone.
E. ANIMATION
The animation medium presents the sequence of still images of an artwork at a rapid speed that looks like the image is moving or create an illusion of movement.This is used in cartoons, and scientific evaluation that gives impact to
TYPES OF MULTIMEDIA PLATFORMS
1. PRINT MEDIA - Are materials use to inform, instructs, and motivate learners. These includes newspaper, flyers, brochures, banners, books, and magazines
2. BROADCAST MEDIA - This covers a wide spectrum of different communication methods such as television, radio, podcast, blogs, advertising websites, online streaming, and digital journalism. It provides valuable information that can inform and educate. It includes public service announcements, daily news, weather forecast, interviews, and documentaries
3. INTERNET MEDIA/ DIGITAL MEDIA - This comprises social network / website including Facebook, You Tube, instagram, Tumblr, Twitter, Linkd in, and Snapchat.
· PODCAST – is a series of audios on a particular topic or theme. We can listen to audio on a computer or in a mobile phone
· PHOTO SHARING - such as instagram, imgur and snapchat
· VIDEO SHARING – You tube
LESSON 4 - WORLD LITERATURE PERIODS
Early periods of literature
This period are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistics, religious, and artistic influences.
A. CLASSICAL PERIOD
1. Homeric or Heroic Period
Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey. This is Chaotic period of warrior-prince wandering sea traders and fierce pirate.
· Great expansion in Greek colonization and trade
· First Olympic games
· Earliest natural Philosopher
· Crystallization of Greek religion
2 Classical Greek Period
· Greek writers and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides and Sophocles
· The 5th Century (499-400 BCE) renowned as THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.
· Golden Age of Greece – this is the sophisticated period of polis, or individual city-state, and early democracy, some of the worlds finest art, poetry, drama, architecture , and philosophy originate in Athens.
3.Classical Roman Period
• Greece culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 CE
• Playwrights at this time includes Plautus and Terence
• Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caezar and finally into a Monarchial empire under Caezar Augustus and this period is known as the ROMAN IMPERIAL PERIOD
4. Patristic Period
• Christian writings appear
• The period in which St. Jerome first compile the Bible, when Christianity spreads across Europe and the Roman Empire suffered.
• Barbarians attacked the Rome in 410 CE and the city falls completely.
1. MEDIEVAL PERIOD
· The Old English( Anglo- Saxon) Period
• “ The Dark Ages” – when Rome falls and the Barbarians tribe move into Europe
• Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer,and the Seafarer originate in the Anglo-Saxon Period.
• The Carolingian Renaissance emerges in Europe
• Settings of Viking Sagas emerges in this Period
· MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD
• End of Anglo Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of 12th Century Renaissance
· LATE or HIGH MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• This period marked by the English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, “ The Gawain” or “Pearl” poet, The
Wakefield Master,, and William Langland.
2. RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION PERIOD
· Takes place in 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain and somewhat earlier in Italy and Europe.
· Early Tudor Period
• War of Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor Claiming the throne
• Emergence of Prostentantism
• Henry VIII’s Angelican schism, which create the first protestant church in England.
· Elizabethan Period
• Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home.
• Marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowee, Kydd, and Sidney.
· Jacobean Period
• Shakespeare later works, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Johnson, and John Donne
· Caroline Age
• Emergence of Cavalier Poets
LESSON 5 - CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE
Literary Criticism - Used to analyze, question, interpret, synthesize, and evaluate literary works. with a specific mindset.
- Is the study, discussion, evaluation, comparison , analysis and interpretation of works in literature.
- It is an opinion supported evidence
Reader-Response Criticism
- Studies the interaction of the reader with the text;
- It is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader or “audience” and their experience of a literary work
- Examines the readers reactions and thoughts to a piece of work
- Deals more with the process of creating meaning and experiencing a text as we read.
Formalist Criticism
- The formalist critic examines the form of the work as a whole. The form of each individual part of the text (the individual scenes and chapters) the characters, the setting, the tone,the point of view, the diction, and all other elements of the text.
- Consider the structure of words – focus on the text just the text itself. It does not concern about the biographical criticism.
- Basic things you need in formalist criticism:
• Elements
• Characters
• Setting, theme,pov, style, rhyming pattern, stanza, tone
• The plot
• Literary devices used
- A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape it’s
effects upon readers.
· Biographical Criticism - Is a form of literary criticism which analyses a writer’s biography to show the relationship between the author’s life and their works of literature. Critical method that sees literary work as a reflection of author’s life and times
· Historical Criticism - seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it - a context that necessarily includes the artist’s biography
also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of criticism that investigates the origin of
ancient texts in order to understand “ the world behind the text”
“world behind the text” –helps to understand the historical and social context in which the Biblical text was written. includes:
date the Biblical text was written authorship of the Biblical text (person or sources) Historical, social and cultural context
· Gender Criticism - Examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works. Some gender critics look at works by men and women to see what approaches in these works, including language use,portrayal of characters,plots, and use of images and symbols, are essentially female or male
· Difference between Gender Criticism and Feminist Criticism
· Feminist criticism is the literary analysis that arises from the perspective of feminism or feminist theories.\
· Gender criticism is the literary analysis that arises from the gender studies.
· Sociological Criticism - “examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or received”, exploring the relationship between the artist and society.
Focuses on the relationship between literature and society, the social function of literature. Literature is always produced in a social context. Writers may affirm or criticize the values of the society in which they live, but they write for an audience and that audience is the society.
· Mythological Critism - Emphasizes “ the recurrent universal patterns and underlying most literary works.” Combining the insights from anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion ,
mythological criticism explores the artist’s common humanity by tracing how the individual imagination uses myths and
symbols common to different cultures.
· Cultural Criticism - This form of criticism examine how different religions, ethnicities, class identification, political beliefs, and views affect the ways in which texts are created and interpret