things idk for exam 3

  • evidence for oncogenes: harder to overexpress, easy to underespress and they are easy to silence. They use RASGAP

  • evidence against oncogenes: inactivating both copies is unlikely

  • SNPs: are the most common type of genetic variation, significantly influencing cancer biology by affecting susceptibility, progression, and treatment outcomes. they map tumor supressor genes

  • PRb is the retinoblastoma protein that regulates the G1 to s phase

  • CDK: ser and thr kinase

  • cyclin is regulatory when bound to CDK

  • lamins are responsible for nuclear envelope disassembly

  • mechanisms of CDK

    • abundance of cyclins

    • binding to CKIs

    • CDK phosphorylation

  • the cyclin box binds to the CDK

  • PEST is an amino acid rich in proline and is cyclin dependent

  • destruction box is responsible for cyclin degradation

  • cytoplasmic retention sequence is what is responsible for retaining cyclin

  • mono-Ub regulates protein activity

  • poly-Ub is for cyclin degradation

  • E1 us for activating and regulating protein

  • E2 is the conjugation between ubiquitin and substrate

  • E3 is a specificity factor

    • SCF complex made of: SKP, Cullin and f-box

    • Anaphase promoting complex

  • K48 is destroyed in the proteosome

  • K63 is the organizer

  • CAK phosphprylates Thr160

  • Thr160 phosphorylation opens up the activation loop and stabilizes the active formation

  • Wee1 makes kinase inactive by adding phosphorus, binds to ATP and blocks CDKs active site

  • CDC25 is a phosphatase that removes inhibitory block- held inactive

  • during a positive feedback loop, mcdk increases as cyclin increases

  • INK4 is a CDK inhibitor that blocks cyclin D

  • CIP/KIP is a CDK inhibitor that blocks active site of CDKs

  • KIP1 obstructs the ATP binding site

  • CIP/KIP is where cyclins remain bound

  • E2F binds to pocket proteins that phosphorylate Ser567 and retinoblastoma

  • Function of E2F is regulation of the cell cycle, controlling genes necessary for DNA synthesis and S-phase entry.

  • NLS localizes E2F to nucleus and is important for transcription and translation

  • Cyclin A in the S phase helps with transitions

  • Cyclin A in the G2 phase helps with activation and stabilization

  • MCDK helps to promote APC/C