Chapter 11 Review Notes

Chapter 11 Review Notes

Achievement Chart Categories

  • K/U: Knowledge/Understanding

  • T/I: Thinking/Investigation

  • C: Communication

  • A: Application

What Do You Remember?

  1. Matching Exercise (11.1, 11.2, 11.4, 11.9)

    • Column A:

      • Luminous

      • Transparent

      • White light

      • Concave mirror

      • Real image

      • Normal

      • Virtual image

      • Convex mirror

    • Column B:

      • Produces its own light

      • Transmits all incident light

      • 90° to a surface

      • From an apparent light source

      • Seen on a screen

      • Diverging mirror

      • Converging mirror

  2. Common Properties of Electromagnetic Waves (11.1)

    • All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (denoted as c in vacuum) and exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality).

  3. Characteristics of an Image in a Plane Mirror (11.7)

    • The image is virtual (cannot be projected onto a screen), appears upright, is the same size as the object, and is located behind the mirror at an equal distance to the object in front.

  4. Laws of Reflection (11.6)

    • The first law states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (\thetai = \thetar). The second law states that the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

  5. Methods of Light Production (11.2)

    • (a) Phosphorescence: Light is emitted by a substance that has absorbed photons and re-emits them over time, leading to a delayed glow.

    • (b) Electric Discharge: Light is produced when an electric current passes through gas, exciting the atoms and causing them to emit light.

    • (c) Triboluminescence: Light generated when certain materials are mechanically stressed or struck, breaking chemical bonds and releasing energy as visible light.

  6. Order of Electromagnetic Waves by Energy (11.1)

    • From lowest energy to highest energy:

      • Radio waves

      • Microwaves

      • Infrared light

      • Red light

      • Green light

      • Ultraviolet light

      • X-rays

What Do You Understand?

  1. Appearance of the Word "PHYSICS" in a Plane Mirror (11.7)

    • The word will appear reversed as "SICYPH".

  2. Utility of the Light Ray Model (11.4)

    • The light ray concept simplifies the understanding of light behavior as it can be represented in straight lines, making calculations and predictions about reflection and refraction easier.

  3. Reason Convex Mirror Cannot Form a Real Image (11.9)

    • A convex mirror always diverges light rays, thereby preventing them from converging to form a real image; instead, it produces only virtual images.

  4. Object Location for Image Formation in Concave Mirrors (11.9)

    • (a) For a real image: The object must be located beyond the focal point (greater than the focal length).

    • (b) For a virtual image: The object must be positioned within the focal point (less than the focal length).

  5. Classifying Reflection (11.6)

    • (a) Dry asphalt: Diffuse reflection due to its rough surface.

    • (b) Car windshield producing glare: Specular reflection as the surface is smooth and reflects light strongly.

    • (c) Sweater: Diffuse reflection due to the textured surface.

    • (d) High-gloss paint: Specular reflection as it has a smooth finish.

  6. Ray Angles Completion (11.6)

    • Table 1:

      • For an angle between the reflected ray and the normal of 47°:

      • Angle of incidence = 47°.

      • Angle of reflection = 47°.

      • For an angle of incidence = 52°:

      • Angle of reflection = 52°.

      • For an angle of incidence = 14°:

      • Angle of reflection = 14°.

      • If the incident ray comes in along the normal:

      • Angle of incidence = 0°, Angle of reflection = 0°.

  7. Image Characteristics Determination (11.9)

    • Copy Figure 1:

      • Use various object-image lines to illustrate and denote the image characteristics for each object regarding size, orientation, and type of image.

Solve a Problem

  1. Script to Convince about Light as Energy (11.1)

    • [This prompt requires a short script response to demonstrate understanding; details to be personally created by the student.]

  2. Distance to Plane Mirror Based on Image Reflection (11.7)

    • The image is 8.4 m away, which means the plane mirror is located 4.2 m away since the distance from the object to the mirror and the mirror to the image is equal.

  3. Object Visibility Using Light Rays in Mirror (11.7)

    • Copy Figure 2:

      • Utilize light rays to identify which objects are visible in the mirror from the given eye location.

  4. Non-Glare Glass Feature Contribution (11.6)

    • The rougher surface of non-glare glass scatters light rays that hit it, reducing glare by diffusing the reflected light and minimizing harsh reflections.

  5. Image Characteristics of Object in Concave Mirror (11.9)

    • With an object located 60 cm from a concave mirror with a focus of 75 cm, the image will be:

      • Inverted (as it will be a real image), closer and larger than the object.

  6. Locating Focus and Centre of Curvature (11.9)

    • Copy Figure 3:

      • Use light rays to accurately mark the focus (F) and the centre of curvature (C) of the concave mirror.

Create and Evaluate

  1. Comparison of Incandescent vs. Fluorescent Lighting (11.2)

    • (a) Method of producing light: Incandescent lighting produces light via the heating of a filament, while fluorescent lighting utilizes phosphorus coating excited by UV light from a gas discharge.

    • (b) Efficiency: Fluorescent lighting is more efficient than incandescent due to lower energy consumption to produce similar brightness.

    • (c) Initial cost: Incandescent bulbs are typically cheaper to purchase than fluorescent bulbs.

    • (d) Long-term cost: Fluorescent bulbs save money over time due to lower energy use and longer lifespan compared to incandescent.

    • (e) Environmental consequences: Fluorescent bulbs contain mercury, raising concerns about disposal, while incandescent bulbs are simpler but use more resources.

Reflect on Your Learning

  1. Reflection on Learning About Mirror Images

    • (a) Surprised reaction: [Reflective response; to be personally detailed by the student.]

    • (b) Explanation of Image Position: An image appears behind a plane mirror because light rays reflect off the surface to our eyes, creating the illusion of presence at a certain point behind the glass despite being unable to touch it directly.

Web Connections

  1. Research on Incandescent Bulb Popularity (11.2)

    • [Personal opinion-based response; to be created by the student in two paragraphs.]

  2. Solar-Powered Blast Furnace Overview (11.9)

    • (a) Mirror type used: A large concave mirror is integrated into the structure.

    • (b) Focus location: The focus of this mirror is likely positioned at the blast furnace's site to concentrate sunlight effectively.

    • (c) Advantages and disadvantages: Using sunlight as an energy source is renewable and environmentally friendly but can be intermittent and is dependent on weather conditions and location.